Abstract
Meno is a Socratic dialogue written by Plato. It is aporetic in that even though Socrates does present conclusions, they do not resolve the problems rose at the beginning. Meno first asks Socrates whether virtue can be taught. That is apparently not the good way to set the problem according to Socrates: he finds it absurd to wonder whether virtue can be taught before knowing what virtue is itself that is without having a prior knowledge of its essence. Meno cleverly objects that any gain of knowledge and even any access to knowledge is strictly impossible, which amounts to deny any science. Basically, one does not need to search for what one already knows and one cannot search for something he is unaware of since one ignores what to search. According to Meno, two possibilities may be envisaged: either access to knowledge is impossible or one has to know everything already. Socrates bravely tries to solve the problem introducing the theory of anamnesis, which would become the basis of Plato's conception of knowledge. Socrates tries it out on Meno's young slave who proves to be able to resolve the problem about the duplication of the square. The experience with the slave is meaningful as it illustrates the central point of the Meno: knowledge is recollection. The theory of anamnesis is really complex as it has to do with the very formation of ideas. It incites us to think upon the notion of knowledge. What mechanisms are concealed behind knowledge? Where does it come from in the first place? What is learning? How can the soul know about knowledge? Does it possess innate ideas? Can one wish for knowing something one has not the faintest idea? It seems to be impossible. With Socrates' experience on the slave, one can experimentally observe that he had true opinions apart from any previous kind of teaching. This mere observation prompts the reader to go further away in the reflection and to wonder where these true opinions come from. How did they arise in the slave's soul and why cannot they be considered yet as knowledge or science? After a brief summary of the experiment Socrates carries out on Meno's slave boy, I will be discussing the main important points developed in the Meno, more particularly those highlighted by Socrates' experiment. First of all, I am going to examine Socrates' method of questioning, stimulating the slave's soul and leading to the acknowledgment of his ignorance. Then I will look into the doctrine of anamnesis imposing a new definition of knowledge, which is not obtained from experience and the senses, but instead is a mere recollection of the soul. This will lead to the last part of this reflection: hhow do true opinions appear in one's soul first? I will be discussing how the theory of anamnesis seems to call for the pre-existence of the soul.
