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[...] Thought Gestures - Asking questions - Formulating problems - Analyzing concepts - Distinction of concepts - Relevant articulation of ideas - Expressing one's ideas clearly - To submit to doubt - Conceptual Analysis - Establishing relationships between concepts - Philosophical Reflection - Conceptual Elaboration - Critical Inquiry - Articulation of Problems - Complementarity of Approaches - Examine the objections - Respond with reasoned justifications" 3. Authors Antiquity/Middle Ages - The Presocratics: They approached various concepts, including the nature and origin of the cosmos, the notion of archè (original principle), and the question of unity and diversity. - Plato: Theory of Ideas, political philosophy, justice, love, dialectic. - Aristotle: Logic, metaphysics, ethics, politics, biology. - Epicurus: Epicureanism, happiness, pleasure, ataraxia. - Seneca: Stoicism, ethics, virtue, wisdom. - Epictetus: Stoicism, moral philosophy, inner freedom. [...]
[...] - Thomas Aquinas: Natural theology, reason, faith, natural law, political philosophy. Modern Period: - René Descartes: Rationalism, dualism, method, cogito. - Baruch Spinoza: Pantheism, ethics, liberty, determinism. - John Locke: Empiricism, tabula rasa, natural rights, tolerance. - David Hume: Empiricism, association of ideas, causality, skepticism. - Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Social Contract, state of nature, liberty, inequality. - Immanuel Kant: Transcendental idealism, categorical imperative, moral autonomy. Contemporary Period - Karl Marx: Historical materialism, class struggle, alienation. - Friedrich Nietzsche: Will to power, eternal return, superman. [...]
[...] - Sigmund Freud: Psychoanalysis, unconscious, libido, drives. - Martin Heidegger: Ontology, being, Dasein, temporality. - Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialism, freedom, responsibility, nothingness. - Hannah Arendt: Totalitarianism, political action, banality of evil. - Emmanuel Levinas: Ethics of alterity, face, infinite responsibility. - Michel Foucault: Power, knowledge, discourse, surveillance. - Paul Ric?ur: Hermeneutics, distanciation, narrativity, ethics. - Jacques Derrida: Deconstruction, différance, writing, logocentrism. - Maurice Merleau-Ponty: Phenomenology, body, perception, intersubjectivity. - Simone de Beauvoir: Existentialist feminism, alterity, freedom, oppression. - Jean-François Lyotard: Postmodernism, metanarrative, fragmentation, differend. [...]
[...] Landmarks The landmarks provide lexical and conceptual tools to support philosophical reflection. They include distinctions such as absolute/relative, abstract/concrete, believe/know, etc. 6. Exercises and learning of philosophical reflection The learning exercises include the detailed and worked explanation of text and the dissertation, which aim to develop the ability to build and express a personal and instructed philosophical thought. By combining the study of the works of philosophers with the examination of notions, philosophical reflection is cultivated in students, thus preparing them for the baccalaureate and a wide critical and analytical thought. [...]
[...] Philosophy in Terminale générale 1. Notions and concepts - Reason: The ability to think logically, to analyze, to deduce, and to infer. [...]
