Philosophical Concepts and Etymology

Extract

[...] - Bergson: he studies the conscious and intuition. It is a direct experience of reality that allows us to understand the world at a deeper level than simple logic. - Descartes: self-awareness allows us to assure that man exists. A questioning of consciousness by doubt is impossible because the fact of thinking about it proves that it exists. - Sartre: consciousness is what allows each individual to make decisions and act in accordance with their own values and moral sense. [...]

[...] Definition : set of collective beliefs and practices related to the sacred. Religion ties humans together in a shared cult and a transcendent divine being. Religion is distinguished from superstition, sect, fanaticism, and extremism. Philosophical conceptions: - Theism: it affirms the existence of a God or supreme deities who are the origin of the world and who interact with it. - Atheism: it rejects the existence of God or deities and affirms that religious explanations are not necessary to understand the world. [...]

[...] Philosophical Conceptions: Technique and art: technique ruins the authenticity of art. The proper thing of the artist is that he does not have a predetermined idea of his work to be realized (Alain). The technique is utilitarian while art evokes and stimulates feelings, emotions, and reflection. Technique and animals: animals can use tools but do not manufacture them. The use of tools responds to an innate instinct of survival (feeding, defending . Technique and nature: the technical man does not see nature as a system but as a resource of matter and energy. [...]

[...] Speech: individual means of expression and intelligence. Language: linked to a linguistic community, social body. Origins: - Innate language: biological aspect and social aspect (need to communicate, exchange, be understood). - Cultural language: language is a cultural heritage. Language and society are inseparable. Learning a language means appropriating a culture. The diversity of cultures leads to a diversity of languages (Tower of Babel). - Acquired language: learned by imitation. - Verbal language: it is conceptual. A word = an idea. [...]

[...] Definition: nature can refer to the essence of a thing, the set of elements and forces that make up the physical world, including living beings, natural phenomena and the laws that govern them. Everything that obeys the laws of motion, everything that is subject to scientific laws. Everything that precedes human intervention is opposed to the artificial, exists independently of man. Nature refers to the whole Philosophical Conceptions: Dualism: - Dualism of substance: nature is perceived as a distinct and separate reality from human spirit with its own sense and its own laws. [...]