Monistic Parliamentary Regime

Extract

[...] Of the 27 member states of the European Union have a single-member parliamentary regime, while 13 have a bi-electoral regime. The single-member regimes are monarchist or republican. In fact, all single-member regimes in Northern Europe are monarchies, except for Ireland and Finland, and all single-member regimes in Central and Southern Europe are republics, except for Spain. Finally, the single-member regimes of Central and Eastern Europe are republics. Parliamentarism was first a set of practices initiated in a monarchy in which the sovereign had a restricted role. [...]

[...] All European Union countries that have a single-member electoral system have a monistic parliamentary system. Apart from France, all European Union regimes operate in principle within a monistic system, even when the regime is dualistic. This is understandable: the responsibility of the government before a president not elected directly by the people is not democratic. Four elements characterize the monistic parliamentary regime: the survival of the Head of State, the confidence of the Parliament without which the government cannot govern, the recruitment of ministers within the Parliament to better ensure the link between the two bodies and also, the choice of ministers among the majority deputies, the government becoming a fraction of the ruling majority. [...]

[...] Berlusconi in Italy is enlightening. Finally, all the powers of the Head of State are subject to countersigning. In this, he has formal powers. II- Des systems political to sensitive differences The practice in different states has betrayed the initial idea of ensuring a balance of powers to the point of observing a classic deviation from the parliamentary regime and a current deviation The classic deviation of the parliamentary regime: the monistic parliamentary regime The monistic parliamentary regime can illustrate the French example under its III and IV Republics where the attributions of the Head of State had fallen into disuse. [...]

[...] Firstly, it is little powerful due to its weak legitimacy. In monarchies, the democratic legitimacy of the king is zero since it does not proceed from any election; in single-member republics, the President is elected indirectly, and therefore his democratic legitimacy is therefore weak. Furthermore, the Head of State is little powerful due to his irresponsibility. Very often, the Constitutions provide for the principle of the Head of State's irresponsibility and only explicitly consider his responsibility for a violation of the Constitution. [...]

[...] We have a dualist parliamentary regime. But the government can also depend only on Parliament and we will have a monist parliamentarism. No single-member parliamentary regime in the European Union is dualist because the responsibility of the government before a president who is not directly elected by the people is now felt as not being democratic. Portugal, Austria, and Lithuania are among the rare dualist bicameral parliamentary regimes. The question arises as to whether beyond the divergences whether it can exist beyond the divergences that may exist between the different countries of the European Union, there can be a unity of the single-member states of the European Union. [...]