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[...] The Pioneering Women of the Nuremberg Principles The Nuremberg Principles, established after the atrocities of World War II, constitute a major breakthrough in international criminal law. Yet, their development also relies on the decisive actions of often overlooked female figures. Resisters like Adélaïde Hautval, Lucie Adelsberger and Ella Lingens, through their testimonies of the horrors of concentration camps and the medical experiments inflicted on deportees, contributed to shaping these principles (Doc and 2). In fact, their commitment helped establish individual responsibility as the foundation of contemporary trials (Doc and 9). [...]
[...] Their action was decisive for the recognition of human rights in the context of trials by revealing the limits of self-regulation of medical practices, formerly based on individual moral values such as the Hippocratic Oath, and marked the transition to precise and universal legal rules, embodied in the Nuremberg Code (doc and 19). Thus, women doctors and activists have made a major contribution to the establishment of the Nuremberg principles, through their courage, ethics, and commitment to international justice (doc. 8). List of documents*: *Documents available after customer service. [...]
[...] However, the case of deported female physicians also highlights the limitations in recognizing their skills, often hidden to avoid being forced to participate in Nazi experiments (doc. 16). B. The engagement of women activists for international justice Women activists have also played a crucial role in establishing the principles of Nuremberg. Germaine, by collecting testimonies and supporting judicial actions, embodied this fight for justice (doc. 15). The writings of Geneviève de Gaulle-Anthonioz and Germaine Tillion, deported to Ravensbrück, contributed to the preservation of the memory of Nazi crimes and the definition of the notions of individual and collective responsibility (doc. 21). [...]
[...] This solidarity, highlighted in the camps, constituted a form of moral resistance against dehumanization (doc. 11). Mala, a Belgian Jewish deportee, expressed a final form of defiance by choosing to commit suicide rather than undergo Nazi execution, thus highlighting the role of individual will in the fight against oppression (doc. 20). The importance of appearance and bodily hygiene, even in the extreme conditions of the camps, was highlighted by several testimonies, revealing an attachment to preserving their human dignity (doc. [...]
[...] The denunciation of inhumane medical experiments, such as those conducted at Auschwitz on young girls, allowed for the strengthening of ethical norms regarding human experimentation (doc and 14). The November ruling of the Court of Cassation reaffirms the importance of preserving the memory of crimes against humanity by sanctioning their denial, a fundamental principle of the Nuremberg trials (doc. 12). In this context, the role of women, such as Gizi, a deported physician who risked her life to protect pregnant women (doc. embodies moral resistance and courage in the face of Nazi pressure. [...]
