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[...] Self-medication practice and associated factors among health professionals in University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1-8. Marwa Al Flaiti, Khaloud Al Badi, Wefaq Othman Hakami, Shah Alam Khan. (2014). Evaluation of self-medication practices in acute diseases among university students in Oman. Journal of Acute Disease, 249-252. doi:10.1016/S2221-6189(14)60056-1 Morgan, D. J., Okeke, I. N., Laxminarayan, R., Perencevich, E. N., & Weisenberg, S. (2011). Non-prescription antimicrobial use worldwide: a systematic review. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 692-701. Peirce, C. S. (1878). [...]
[...] However, self-medication can lead to significant negative consequences. For example, excessive use of painkillers can cause liver or kidney damage. Furthermore, drug interactions can occur when individuals take multiple medications without understanding the associated risks. Another concerning consequence of self-medication is the development of antibiotic resistance. The objective of this study is to explore how perceptions of medicines influence the practice of self-medication. More specifically, we aim to understand how social representations of medicines influence the tendency of individuals to use over-the-counter medicines without consulting a healthcare professional. [...]
[...] - Perform significance tests (p-values) to determine if the observed correlations are statistically significant. c. Multivariate Analysis - Control confounding variables using multiple regression models. This allows to see if the correlations persist after taking into account other potentially influential factors. 3. Confirmation of Causality a. Design of Longitudinal Studies - Implementing longitudinal studies to observe the behaviors and perceptions of the same individuals over a given period. This helps to establish a causal direction between variables. b. Experimentation - Conduct controlled experiments where participants are randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. [...]
[...] We are looking for the correlation between self-medication, perception of side effects and safety. The procedure (explained below) is very similar to what is done in V.3 (screenshots almost similar). 4.1 Example of implementation Suppose your data includes the responses to the following questions : - C1 : Perception of severe side effects (Likert scale of 1 to 7). - C2 : Perception of the safety of using over-the-counter medications (Likert scale of 1 to 7). - B1 : Use of over-the-counter medications without consulting a doctor (Yes/No). [...]
[...] Prevalence, knowledge, and perception of self-medication practice among undergraduate healthcare students. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice, 14(49). Al Flaiti, M., Al Badi, K., Hakami, W. O., & Khan, S. A. (2014). Evaluation of self-medication practices in acute diseases among university students in Oman. Journal of Acute Disease, 249-252. Alshammari, F., (2021). University Students' Self-Medication Practices and Pharmacists' Role: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Hail, Saudi Arabia. Frontiers in Public Health, Awad, A., Eltayeb, I., Matowe, L., & Thalib, L. (2005). [...]
