Extract
[...] The Waltzian vision of international relations: between realism and neorealism 1. Anarchy as the fundamental structure of the international system Vulnerability in an anarchic international system should not be perceived as an obligation of disorder, but rather as the absence of a higher authority to regulate the behavior of states. Unlike internal systems of states, the international system is based on the principle that states are sovereign and therefore do not recognize any central authority. Each actor must ensure its own strength and security through its own means, without asking for help from another. [...]
[...] A weakly armed state facing another would grant it superiority on the international scene, risking being dominated by this adversary. It is this reality that must be attributed to the unstable and opportunistic logic of alliances between states: they are above all responses to the need to face a current threat, and break down as soon as the circumstances no longer justify them. If certain theories explained conflicts by human nature or the political will of actors, this approach emphasizes that in an anarchic regime, international tensions between states result above all from the constraints inherent in the system's structure. [...]
[...] The Use of Force in International Relations according to Kenneth Waltz « Each state pursues its own interests ( . ) in the way it considers most appropriate. Force is a means of achieving the external objectives of states, because there is no coherent and reliable process for reconciling the inevitable conflicts of interest that arise between similar units in a condition of anarchy. Man, the State, and War. A theoretical analysis - Kenneth Waltz (1959) Introduction Kenneth Waltz, a major figure in neorealism, argues that international politics is governed by anarchy, that is, the absence of a global authority capable of regulating relations between states. [...]
[...] Meanwhile, China's growing power redefines international power dynamics. Its economic influence and expansion strategy (the 'Belt and Road Initiative') allow it to extend its power without direct military confrontation. However, the rising tensions with the United States and the strengthening of China's military capabilities in the South China Sea show that strategic rivalry remains present." Multinationals, NGOs and international organizations now influence global politics by exerting economic, legal or social pressure on states. Large technology companies (GAFA) have a significant influence on national economies and can affect political decisions. [...]
[...] Bibliography: Waltz, Kenneth N. Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis, Columbia University Press, 1959. Waltz, Kenneth N. Theory of International Politics, McGraw-Hill, 1979. Morgenthau, Hans J. Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace, Alfred A. Knopf, 1948. Mearsheimer, John J. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, W.W. Norton & Company, 2001. [...]
