Scientific Research Integrity

Extract

[...] ' (document 4). All of the history of medicine is the history of human experimentation, which, as a result, would disappear as a particular phenomenon. Taking up the expression of Pierre-Charles Bongrand, 'there are men who have attributed to themselves the frightening right to use the flesh of others as laboratory material'. However, there are different categories of experimentation: the subject-individual, the subject-embryo, and the subject-cadaver (documents 14 and 16). Adopting a contrary position, Claude Bernard estimates that 'doctors do too many experiments on humans' and defends an 'entire and absolute' right to experiment on animals (document 4). [...]

[...] However, it appears that the most lazy researchers, those with an indulgent morality, as well as those with an immediate need for results, may be inclined to take a shortcut by using academic fraud (document 10). Scientific research is protected in the name of scientific integrity. The latter has implications. II- The implications of scientific integrity The implications of scientific integrity hold to the impartiality and independence of research, on the one hand and dignity, on the other hand Impartiality and independence Impartiality is an implication of scientific integrity. In accordance with Article L. [...]

[...] The major advances of science generally find their place in collective knowledge, at the end of a fairly standard path going from immediate and almost unanimous rejection to a majority acceptance, more or less resigned. In this, scientific research is free (document 21). Although free, scientific research must however comply with the 'requirements of scientific integrity aimed at ensuring their honest and scientifically rigorous character and consolidating the link of trust with society', in accordance with the terms of the Research Code (document 11). The question arises as to what extent integrity is an essential characteristic of scientific research? [...]

[...] X did not constitute a reproduction of the original elements of this thesis', and therefore the absence of borrowings (document 12). It has also been able to exclude the accusation of plagiarism based on an extremely limited number of references to the works of authors in a thesis (document 2). These scientific misconducts are also the subject of international treatment. In this regard, the OECD report on 'good practices to promote scientific integrity and prevent scientific fraud' led to the first global conference on scientific integrity in 2007. [...]

[...] Scientific integrity also permeates criminal proceedings. As jurisprudence notes, the interested party \"remaining in possession of the physical media containing the seized data, is at liberty to have the integrity\" of the documents concerning them verified, if necessary by requesting an expert assessment (document 15). Scientific research imposes a certain ethics and any misconduct undoubtedly leads to the pronouncement of a sanction. The sanction of scientific misconduct Constituting actual scientific frauds, three scientific misconducts warrant being highlighted. These are falsification, first, the intentional fabrication of research data, second, plagiarism, and third. [...]