Climate change, environmental security, Africa, desertification, water scarcity, conflict, migration, health risks, Paris Agreement, GHG, LDCs, green fund, ecosystem, food insecurity, water resources
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Abstract
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Abstract
The impact of environmental degradation on national and international security, particularly in Africa, where climate change, desertification, and water scarcity pose significant threats.
Extract
[...] Is the environment only a growing source of tensions and conflicts? > Since the end of the Cold War, renewal in security design with the appearance of new threats: new forms of terrorism, conflicts (hybrid, non-conventional, etc.), nuclear and chemical weapons by hostile states, etc. > new conception of the environment: before it was seen as a stock of necessary resources for human activity ? potential source of threats and social, economic, and therefore political instability etc Chapter Environmental Challenges and Security 1980s: redefinition of security by adding environmental degradations. [...]
[...] Chapter Environment and Food Security in Africa. Food Security: Permanent access of all to foodstuffs for a healthy and active life. According to the World Bank 1986. The causes of hunger: conflicts + eco crises + climate disruptions. Hunger is structural (soil inequalities + exhausted agricultural systems) and conjunctural (crises). In proportion, Africa is the continent that suffers the most from hunger, followed by Asia and the Middle East, Latin America and the Caribbean, Europe. 30% of the world's population works directly in agriculture and 45% directly and indirectly. [...]
[...] an destabilization due to environmental migrations Massive migratory flows, for ecological reasons, can destabilize the host states. By 2050: 86 million internal climate migrants in Africa. an increased solicitation of security forces in the face of the frequency of extreme meteorological phenomena The security forces will be increasingly solicited in the face of frequent natural disasters, both inside and outside the country (civil or civil-military operations). an increase in economic shocks Augmentation of costs related to climate change : may create tensions regarding the distribution, between countries affected unequally by warming etc. [...]
[...] > the WHO establishes a direct link between environmental degradation and health risks. In fact, many pathologies are very sensitive to climatic conditions (malaria). the high-risk zones The high-risk zones are highlighted by the study of existing state fragilities + upcoming pressures capacityof States to respond to environmental risks) 5 main high-risk zones : - Africa : - the Sahel particularly due to the number of politically unstable States (coup d'État) - North and East Africa (high demographic growth and economy mainly turned towards agriculture def of PED according to me) - A part of southern Africa: water stress and water management - Central Asia: water management + political social and community tensions - East and Southeast Asia: source of the Himalayan glaciers risks disorganizing the entire Indian agricultural system and will impact the Ganges (river that irrigates a huge part of Asia). [...]
[...] Note the key words and concepts: they will then appear in the copy = how can I organize them into 2 or 3 parts? Then, how to organize them into two sub-parts? Then find a link between these different subjects. > the problem must link the 2 or 3 main parts. Let 2 parts 2 sub-parts, or 3 parts and 2 sub-parts (short development) Think about the fact that we are supposed to present it to a superior: problematized, give the stakes. [...]
