Osmolarity and Body Volume
Case study - 3 pages - Medical studies
Water comprises a very large part of an organism's body. The delicate balances within the systems of an organism involve the concentrations of, to name a few, Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca2+ salts (Dilger and Collins, p. 9). There are two types of fluids within organisms; the ICF (intracellular fluid) and...
Frog CV Lab Report
Case study - 3 pages - Medical studies
One of the most important organs in the body is the heart. Of course, this organ is of great importance not only in humans but in all vertebrates. Blood, which carries nutrients, oxygen, and wastes from organ to organ within the body is pumped by the heart. Without the heart's pumping action,...
Reflex Physiology Lab Report
Case study - 4 pages - Medical studies
Our experiment was concerned with the reflex response in humans, and how it compares to a voluntary neural pathway as well as how it is enhanced by what is known as the Jendrassik Maneuver. Our hypothesis was that the reflex response would be faster than the voluntary response, and that with the...
Bacterial Transformation
Case study - 2 pages - Medical studies
The process of genetic transformation is an important tool used in biotechnology. It has been used in agriculture to create plants that are resistant to different kinds of conditions. In medicine it is being used to try and create bacteria that produce insulin which can be used to treat diabetes....
Lab report on reflexology
Case study - 8 pages - Medical studies
Reflexes are the body's involuntary responses to various stimuli. They are controlled in large part by the human nervous system which has three main functions: sensory input, integration, and motor output. Sensory input is due to sensory receptors throughout the body collecting information about...
Medically assisted reproduction. Sperm donation and artificial insemination
Essay - 17 pages - Medical studies
Science and technology have made great strides in recent years. Nowadays, umpteen number of medically assisted reproduction methods exist in countries that are well developed and efficient. This phenomenon can be regarded as an evolution with respect to biotechnology along with the human mind...
Reflex Physiology
Case study - 5 pages - Medical studies
A human specimen can contain a number of involuntary responses (responses not consciously controlled) to outside stimuli; science calls this response a reflex. Some reflexes disappear as e mature into adults, such as suckling, grasp reflex, Moro reflex and several others (Wikipedia, the Free...
The Goodness of Meat
Tutorials/exercises - 2 pages - Medical studies
Imagine a life where people are weak and constantly ill. Imagine everyone being bed ridden and unable to operate the human body at the level appreciated today. By removing meat from a diet, this is a scenario that becomes a real life horror movie. Eating meat is an essential part of everyone's...
Neuropathic Pain
Presentation - 33 pages - Medical studies
Neuropathic pain is defined as pain in association with nerve injury or dysfunction. It may be triggered by numerous insults including direct nerve injury, infection, metabolic dysfunction, autoimmune disease, neoplasm, drugs, and neurovascular disorders. It may reflect the pathologic operation...
Narcolepsy
Presentation - 33 pages - Medical studies
Disorder of unknown etiology characterized by excessive sleepiness typically associated with cataplexy and other REM sleep phenomena, such as sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations. Commonly misconceived as representing low intelligence and/or poor motivation. Syndrome frequently...
Nicotine Addiction
Presentation - 33 pages - Medical studies
70.3 million Americans above 12 years reported current use of tobacco (59.9 million were cigarette smokers, 13.7 million smoked cigars, 7.2 million used smokeless tobacco, 1.8 million smoked pipes). In the past month, 4 million American adolescents have used a tobacco product. Risk Factors...
Gastritis
Presentation - 30 pages - Medical studies
The stomach is a type of storage facility that receives all the things we ingest. Internally, it is lined by the mucosa, a pink layer similar to the one that we have in our mouth. Gastritis is a inflammation of the gastric mucosa, it can have different meanings and be understood by different...
Assesment of Normal Pregnancy
Presentation - 48 pages - Medical studies
The diagnosis of pregnancy is usually made on the basis of a history of amenorrhea, an enlarging uterus, and a positive pregnancy test. Nausea and breast tenderness are also often present. It may be crucial to diagnose pregnancy before the first missed menstrual period to prevent exposure of the...
Drugs, Cigarette Smoking & Alcohol During Pregnancy
Presentation - 26 pages - Medical studies
Teratogenicity has been established for only a few drugs, but many more are still not proved to be safe for use during pregnancy. The physician should have a good reason for prescribing any drug early in pregnancy, or indeed during the last half of the menstrual cycle, when any fertile, sexually...
Prenatal Care
Presentation - 45 pages - Medical studies
Prenatal care as we know it today is a relatively new development in medicine. It originated in Boston in the first decade of this century. Before that time, the patient who thought she was pregnant may have visited a physician for confirmation but did not visit again until delivery was imminent....
Normal Pregnancy
Presentation - 27 pages - Medical studies
Pregnancy (gestation) is the maternal condition of having a developing fetus in the body. The human conceptus from fertilization through the eighth week of pregnancy is termed an embryo; from the eighth week until delivery, it is a fetus. For obstetric purposes, the duration of pregnancy is...
Calculation of Gestational Age and Estimated Date of Confinement
Presentation - 26 pages - Medical studies
After the diagnosis of pregnancy is made, it is imperative to determine the duration of pregnancy and the estimated date of confinement (EDC). Normally, human pregnancy lasts 280 days or 40 weeks (9 calendar months or 10 lunar months) from the last normal menstrual period (LNMP). This may also...
Adenosis
Presentation - 22 pages - Medical studies
Adenosis is a term used to describe nonepithelialized columnar glandular epithelium in the vagina. At ~15th week of embryological development, the Mullerian system, which forms the upper 2/3 of the vagina, fuses with the invaginating cloaca, which forms the lower vagina. Squamous metaplasia from...
Vaginismus (the inability of a woman to withstand penetration)
Presentation - 20 pages - Medical studies
Involuntary painful contraction of perineal muscles and levator ani prior to or during vaginal intercourse. The experience of or even the anticipation of pain on vaginal entry causes these muscles to contract, occluding the vaginal opening and causing further pain when penetration is attempted....
Vitiligo
Presentation - 28 pages - Medical studies
An acquired, slowly progressive depigmenting condition in small or large areas of the skin due to the disappearance of previously active melanocytes Focal (including segmental) vitiligo: 1 to a few scattered macules, occasionally in a dermatomal distribution Generalized vitiligo: Many...
Vaginal Bleeding during Pregnancy
Presentation - 28 pages - Medical studies
Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy has many causes and ranges in severity from mild (with normal pregnancy outcome) to life threatening for both infant and mother. Bleeding can vary from scant to excessive, from brown to bright red, and can be painless or painful. Causes can be divided into...
Vertigo
Presentation - 32 pages - Medical studies
Sensation of movement when no movement is actually occurring. Results from peripheral or central causes or, in some instances, may be induced by medications or anxiety disorders. Patients who are elderly and have risk factors for cerebrovascular disease (CVD) are more likely to experience central...
Pulmonary Hypertension
Presentation - 23 pages - Medical studies
It occurs when the blood pressure abnormally raises in the arteries that take the blood from the heart to the lungs. This pressure is not the same one that is measured in the medical doctor's office. When the cause of this illness is pulmonary emphysema or an heart illness since birth, for...
Glacoma
Presentation - 31 pages - Medical studies
Glaucoma is an alteration where the pressure of the liquid that fills the ocular globe abnormally increases, beyond the eye can tolerate. When this pressure, called intra-ocular tension, is bigger than the normal one, the risk of damages to the eyes increases. Glaucoma is caused by the...
Diabetes
Presentation - 30 pages - Medical studies
Illness provoked by the deficiency of production and/or action of insulin, that drives to acute symptoms and chronic complications. The disease involves the metabolism of glucose, fats and proteins and has serious consequences in either if it appears quickly as when it is installed slowly. In...
Uterine Myoma
Presentation - 33 pages - Medical studies
When numerous large tumors (especially intraligamentary mommas) are found, total abdominal hysterectomy is indicated. If the ovaries are diseased or if their blood supply has been destroyed, oophorectomy is necessary; otherwise, the ovaries should be preserved. Ovaries generally are preserved in...
Coma
Presentation - 63 pages - Medical studies
Consciousness, the awareness of self and environment, requires both arousal and mental content; the anatomic substrate includes both reticular activating system and cerebral cortex. Coma is a state of unconsciousness that differs from syncope in being sustained and from sleep in being less easily...
Management and Prognosis of Heart Failure
Presentation - 121 pages - Medical studies
The cardinal manifestations of heart failure are (1) dyspnea and fatigue, which may limit exercise tolerance, and (2) fluid retention, which may lead to pulmonary and peripheral edema. Both abnormalities can impair the functional capacity and quality of life of affected individuals. In addition,...
Glucocorticosteroids in Relation to Inflammatory Disease
Presentation - 42 pages - Medical studies
For more than 50 years, glucocorticosteroids have been important agents in treating diseases characterized by inflammation and exaggerated immune responses. The pioneering work of Hench and colleagues in rheumatoid arthritis showed the possible potency of these agents in such pathologic states....
Applications of Statistics in the Medical Area
Presentation - 49 pages - Medical studies
The sound practice of medicine requires the ability to use scientific evidence that is based on data and is published in the peer-reviewed medical literature. In this literature, investigators publish their findings using descriptive statistics to summarize data and inferential statistics to test...
