European Sovereigns and the Suppression of National Demands (1814-1848)
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European sovereigns, national demands, revolutions, Congress of Vienna, Holy Alliance, Quadruple Alliance, July Monarchy, Second Republic, liberalism, nationalism, European history
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Abstract
This document examines how European sovereigns responded to the demands of the people between 1814 and 1848, a period marked by revolutions and the struggle for national independence.
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[...] The French sovereigns therefore play an important role in European international relations to ensure monarchical stability. III. But they also repress the majority of oppositions A. The revolutions of 1830 and the success in Belgium The proclamation of the four ordinances of July in which Charles X wishes to suspend the freedom of the press, reduce the electoral body and dissolve the Chamber of Deputies, triggers the Revolution of the Three Glorious Days in Paris, from July 27 to 29, and the flight of the sovereign. [...]
[...] But the return to a certain stability does not extinguish all national demands, and notably French ones. General idea of the 1he paragraph : « The Princes take preventive measures as early as 1814. 'Restore the old French monarchy is for them a guarantee of stability, but the Hundred Days have shown that this was not enough to eliminate all danger.' Arguments and examples used: « the experience of the Revolution and the Empire Idea of the 2ndand paragraph: « The national sentiment and liberal demands born of the revolutionary period do not fade with the return to the old order. [...]
[...] The Spring of Nations and the repression in 1848 The establishment of the Congress of Vienna does not prevent the rise of liberal and national demands, which erupt throughout Europe in 1848. In France, the 'February Revolution' (22-25 February 1848) brings an end to the July Monarchy in favor of the Second Republic, and this revolution will be followed by the June Days (22-26 June 1848), very violently repressed. Germany, Italy, Austria, all of Europe is traversed by strongly repressed revolutions, but yet determinant to the evolution of the countries. [...]
[...] The sovereigns make some concessions A. The Charter of 1814 in France The Charter of 1814 renews the main gains of the French Revolution. It guarantees individual freedoms (including private property, religious freedom and freedom of publication) and the plurality of powers. But King Louis XVIII still holds broad powers, such as the initiative of laws. In addition, the term of « divine providence» is inscribed at the head of the Charter, which confirms its royal and medieval origin. The Charter therefore guarantees certain freedoms: it is indeed a concession of the sovereign to the nation, but, for all that, it will not extinguish all the claims. [...]
