Satellite Constellations: Geopolitical, Legal, and Security Implications
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Satellite constellations, space security, cybersecurity, international regulations, Low Earth Orbit, LEO, space debris, satellite technology, national security, Outer Space Treaty, ITU International Telecommunication Union, artificial intelligence, machine learning
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Abstract
This document examines the impact of satellite constellations on space security, highlighting the need for updated international regulations and cybersecurity measures to mitigate risks associated with the growing number of satellites in Low Earth Orbit.
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[...] Necessity for uupdated international rregulations The existing legal structure that governs space activities mostly relies on key treaties, such as the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. This treaty establishes essential rules for the use of outer space 1967). However, this paradigm does have limitations and difficulties, especially when taking into account the intricacies brought about by contemporary satellite constellations. The rapid progress in space technology, along with the increasing participation of private enterprises, necessitates a reevaluation of current legislation. An evident inadequacy in the current legal framework is the lack of explicit directives for the management and disposal of space debris. [...]
[...] In addition, cyberattacks against communication satellites have the potential to enable unlawful entry into confidential government and corporate conversations, which could result in espionage or blackmail. In order to mitigate these risks, it is imperative to implement a range of cybersecurity measures. At now, encryption is employed to safeguard data that is being transmitted between satellites and ground stations. Frequent software updates are essential for addressing vulnerabilities and enhancing security measures. Intrusion detection systems aid in the real-time monitoring and identification of potential cyber threats. [...]
[...] The satellite constellations offer significant strategic benefits, making it crucial to avoid any loss or compromise of these assets due to the grave repercussions that may ensue. Also, disrupting satellite-based navigation systems can have significant effects on military operations, transportation, and commercial activity. Hence, the possibility of an arms race and the advancement of ASAT weapons highlights the necessity for strong legal and regulatory structures to tackle these challenges. To achieve such an endeavor, it is necessary to establish a comprehensive and strong legal and regulatory framework. [...]
[...] 'The Giant Accreting Protoplanet Survey'. Smith College [Preprint https://scholarworks.smith.edu/ast_facpubs/. Blatt, T.M. (2020). "Anti-Satellite weapons and the emerging space arms race". https://hir.harvard.edu/anti-satellite-weapons-and-the-emerging-space-arms-race/. Cannon, J. (2023). "Targetting dual use satellite. Lesson learnt from terrestrial warfare". The Changing Battlespace [Preprint] 2.2. p. 37. https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/Portals/10/ASOR/Journals/Volume-2_Number-2/Cannon.pdf. EFY Bureau (2023) "Bridging the cosmos: protecting the satellite constellations in the era of cyber" threats. [...]
[...] Dual-uif nnature of sSatellite tTechnology and nnational ssecurity issues Satellite technology has the capability to be used for both civilian and military applications, which is commonly known as dual-use technology (Cannon, 2023). Civilian applications encompass many functions such as communication, weather tracking, environmental surveillance, and navigation. Military applications involve the collection of information, monitoring, exploration, and the establishment of secure communication channels. Satellite constellations offer distinct strategic benefits, including unmatched worldwide coverage and immediate data acquisition, which are vital for both commercial and defense activities (Ronald H. [...]
