Towards a European Confederation? From de Gaulle's Return to Power to the Milan European Summit (1958-1985)
Course material - 6 pages - Modern history
After the failure of the federal concept and the more prudent approach of the Rome Treaties, for about 30 years, the European Economic Community (EEC) seemed to develop more along the concept of a European Confederation, not a Federation, as envisioned by the Founding Fathers, Robert Schuman or...
Towards a Kind of European Constitution? From the Saint-Malo Franco-British Meeting to the Lisbon Treaty (1998-2007)
Course material - 6 pages - Modern history
In 1998, Prime Minister Blair had to realize that the fact that GB did not participate in the Euro would actually marginalize her inside the European Union. He decided to recover the initiative, and to take up the subject of European defense, where GB could contribute in an important way, because...
U.S.-India Relations: An Evolving Foreign Policy Landscape
Case study - 5 pages - International relations
The United States and India have developed a complex and dynamic relationship that has significantly evolved over the past century, establishing itself as a central element of U.S. foreign policy in Asia. India's importance to the United States is greatly reflected in the National Security...
France in NATO, in practice, not in principle?
Essay - 9 pages - Political science
In August 2011, President Nicolas Sarkozy of France praised NATO's military intervention in Libya operation, calling the Alliance "an indispensable tool" . He added that the success of the operation justified his decision to integrate France into NATO's military command in 2009, ending...
Towards a Federation of Nation-States? - From the Milan summit to the Nice one (1985-2000)
Course material - 7 pages - Modern history
To try to describe the aim of the European Construction at the beginning of the 90ies, Jacques Delors, president of the European Commission from 1985 to 1995, invented the concept of a Federation of Nation-States. An oxymoron? What does national sovereignty become in such a system? But still it...
What are the principal differences between positivists and constructivists concerning how we obtain "knowledge" in international relations?
Essay - 3 pages - International relations
In a research article entitled Paradigms and methodologies for Knowledge Building, researcher Josep Gallifa explains that there are different approaches to the search for "knowledge" in international relations. Through a literature review, the author demonstrates that two antagonistic approaches...
Make Trade Not War? - Philippe Martin, Thierry Mayer, and Mathias Thoenig (2008)
Text commentary - 6 pages - Economy general
In The Spirit of Laws, the French political philosopher Montesquieu wrote that "the natural effect of trade is to bring about peace. Two nations which trade together render themselves reciprocally dependent." This idea that trade leads to peace has been a guiding principle of globalization. The...
The Interplay of National and European Considerations in the Foreign Policy of EU Members - France and Germany
Course material - 11 pages - Political science
Since the origins of the European project, Europe has depended on close Franco-German cooperation. As we have seen, all the big moves forward were possible because of the basic Franco-German agreement; the last major instance was Maastricht in 1992. The other countries had to follow. Of...
Definition of Intergovernmental Administration in the United States and the Practice of Intergovernmental Administration
Essay - 5 pages - Political science
The dynamics of governance in the United States are mainly attributed to the federalism system, which the Constitution established, and hence power is divided between the federal government and the states, with each having different authority. As seen under this framework, intergovernmental...
The European Union and its International Role - Towards a European Federation? (From the European Conference in The Hague to the Rome Treaties, 1948-1957)
Course material - 6 pages - Modern history
Already during the war, many Resistance groups asked themselves how to stop the cycle of recurring European wars. After 1945, many groups and associations suggested going back to the European ideas of the 20s, which included the concept of a European Union (Briand Plan of 1930). They stressed...
Towards a European Defense?
Course material - 7 pages - International relations
The problem of a European defense system is not new: we remember the Brussels Treaty of 1948, which was a military alliance between GB, France and the Benelux countries, including a common European general staff which was stationed in Fontainebleau, until it was taken over by NATO in 1951, but...
Can states achieve cooperation in the international system? - publié le 29/09/2010
Essay - 5 pages - International relations
“International cooperation is a subject of manifesting importance for anyone concerned about the prospects for world peace and order” because today cooperation is everywhere: in economics with the WTO, in politics with the UN and even in security issues with the NATO....
The external dimension of European Union immigration and asylum policies - redefining security in the European region
Essay - 7 pages - European union
In February 2003, Tony Blair proposed at the Thessaloniki Summit to create 'transit processing centres' outside the European Union (EU) frontiers in which asylum seekers would be withheld during the time their procedure was completed. Though the proposition wasn't well received at...
Role and Impact of UNHCR in Afghanistan-Pakistan
Case study - 13 pages - Educational studies
The primary input of international organizations (IOs) in global governance exists in the belief that they are effective centers operating on a common agenda to promote democratic governance and foster cooperation amongst member states in developing common solutions. (IOs) roles manifest...
Globalisation and peace in the twenty-first century: a structuralist approach - publié le 13/01/2009
Thesis - 15 pages - Philosophy
In his Glance at today's world (1931), French poet Paul Valéry wrote "Le temps du monde fini commence" (1). By "monde fini", he meant that the world now had well-established geographical limits, implying there was no more Terra incognita or utopia where to transpose our dreams, either in...
Power equations in South East Asia
Thesis - 5 pages - International relations
This article deals with the major power equations that have a strong bearing on Southeast Asia's international relations. Although the interactions between the major powers have a significant impact on the region, it must not be assumed that the region is merely a passive onlooker. The South East...
Policy proposal: HydroBuses
Case study - 4 pages - Ecology & environment
The following policy proposal seeks to reduce GHG emissions through the introduction and implementation of a hydrogen powered fuel cell bus in a small municipal transit system. Implementation on the small scale would reduce financial risks since the initial investment costs would be significantly...
The ban on the use of force in International Law
Worksheets - 2 pages - International law
TThe principle that prohibits the use of force is a major element in the international system that is based mainly on cooperation between States and collective security. This principle has always been of a relative nature, in fact, the contemporary public international law has noted more...
The Interplay of National and European Considerations in the Foreign Policy of EU Members - The Countries Other than France and Germany
Course material - 8 pages - Political science
France and Germany alone can no longer call the tune in the EU. They henceforth have to take much more into account the agenda of the other members. We shall see first that agenda, regrouping, of course, the different countries into larger groups along their affinities, and then the possible...
Globalisation and peace in the twenty-first century: a structuralist approach
Essay - 14 pages - International relations
In his Glance at today's world (1931), French poet Paul Valéry wrote "Le temps du monde fini commence" (1). By "monde fini", he meant that the world now had well-established geographical limits, implying there was no more Terra incognita or utopia where to transpose our dreams, either in...
Does regional integration challenge national identities?
Essay - 5 pages - European union
Regional integration is a process whereby states enter into a regional agreement in order to enhance regional cooperation through regional institutions and rules. The European Union is an example of regional integration that we are going to focus on. The project of the European Union,...
International expansion of the Essilor Group
Case study - 2 pages - Business strategy
Essilor has a portfolio of strong brands. Varilux deals with progressive lenses that currently dominate the world market. The glasses represent about 95% of the activity of Essilor and the rest can be classified in other categories, including optical instruments and various other products that...
Case study: Airline industry
Case study - 9 pages - Services marketing
After deregulation, many carriers came into the airline industry to compete against the main airline companies. Why and in what way could these entries be successful? Government Regulation was the main barrier to entry in the airline industry. To regulate prices and stability of this industry,...
Case study: Airline industry - published: 29/09/2010
Market study - 9 pages - Services marketing
After deregulation, many carriers came into the airline industry to compete against the main airline companies. Why and in what way could these entries be successful? Government Regulation was the main barrier to entry in the airline industry. To regulate prices and stability of this industry,...
Critically assess the extent to which liberal intergovernmentalism provide a more fitting explanation of European integration than neofunctionalism
Essay - 9 pages - European union
Drawing an analogy with the diversity of the process of European integration, Robert Schuman expressed that, ‘‘when the cooperation is still at its embryonic stage, the theorization of that unique phenomenon involves a plurality of approaches developed over time and bringing...
« The lack of progress in tackling climate change internationally is due to states' economical interests ». Discuss.
Essay - 6 pages - Ecology & environment
"In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem. Government is the problem". Seems like Reagan's statement should be inverted today, and the notion of Government amplified. In fact, in the last decades, states started realizing that they had to face a much broader...
Ending Cold War legacies and facing new threats together: Is there a foreseeable future for Russia within NATO?
Case study - 4 pages - International relations
In the light of recent developments and Russia's Foreign Policy turn of the past decade, this study will try to weigh out the country's position toward the West, and more specifically toward the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Will the future confirm what some observers interpreted as...
Critically assess the extent to which liberal intergovernmentalism provide a more fitting explanation of European integration than neofunctionalism - publié le 05/03/2009
Essay - 9 pages - European union
Drawing an analogy with the diversity of the process of European integration, Robert Schuman expressed that, ‘‘when the cooperation is still at its embryonic stage, the theorization of that unique phenomenon involves a plurality of approaches developed over time and bringing...
Political governance and corporate governance - publié le 15/01/2009
Essay - 15 pages - Management
The 20th century was viewed as the age of management; the early 21st century is predicted to be more focused on governance. There is a distinction between politics and governance, where the former is regarded as cooperation between people with different points of view in order to improve...
Money laundering in the financial community: one of the dark sides of globalization
Essay - 9 pages - Finance
Economically, globalization may appear beneficial in that it enhances trade between men and generates growth. Many of its adverse effects are, however, the game of criminal organizations. Indeed, with the rise of movements of people, goods and capital, globalization tends to increase the capacity...
