How does Hungary's and Poland's illiberal approach to democracy, accompanied by a nationalistic retreat, constitute a break with the values of the European Union?
Essay - 4 pages - European union
On 28 July 2014, at the twenty-fifth summer university in B?ile Tu?nad, Romania, Viktor Orbán declared: "The new state we are building in Hungary is not a liberal state, it is an illiberal state based on the value of labour." Indeed, since he came to power in Hungary in 2010, and won the...
Phillips and Young - the common critique of liberalism and the divergence of views on democracy, the equality and rights
Essay - 2 pages - Economy general
Our modern society has been solidly founded upon liberal principles; the Enlightenment constitutes one of the most influential political ideas in the nation-building process. Nevertheless, some criticism has emerged as our society seems to fail to provide all its citizens political...
To what extent do the challenges of post-conflict reconstruction expose the limits of the "Liberal peace"?
Essay - 4 pages - International relations
In their 2020 book War and Peace, Charles-Philippe David and Olivier Schmitt states that "The end of the conflict does not automatically mean the establishment of peace". In the present case, in the context of this study, this statement is all the more relevant when the expected peace is of a...
The United States and the World: A New World Order?
Course material - 7 pages - Political science
We remember George Bush's optimism in 1990: he had announced "A New World Order", resting on the promotion of liberal democracy and free enterprise everywhere, resting on the UN (at last again effective due to the end of the Cold War) and on American benevolent hegemony. One...
Exploring the relationship between democracy and MDG progress
Essay - 6 pages - Political science
The Millenium Development Goals of 2000 focused the international community on the development and health advances of the developing world. To succeed in completing these goals, massive amounts of aid have been sent to developing countries, though many conditions have been attached. Many...
The United States and the World: The Sources and Tools of American Foreign Policy
Course material - 8 pages - Modern history
There is undoubtedly an American exceptionalism: the US considers itself since the 18th century to be different from Europe. It has seen itself from the beginning as a universal model: the “American way of life” (linking most strongly liberal democracy and free enterprise,...
Contemporary Spanish history
Course material - 19 pages - Modern history
Valencia Decree (May 1814): Abolished the Cadiz Constitution, reinstated absolutism, and nullified prior reforms. It's the return of the Inquisition, the restoration of feudal systems, and harsh measures against liberals and afrancesados, leading to imprisonment, exile, and executions....
The United States and the end of the Cold War (1989-1990)
Course material - 4 pages - Modern history
President George H. Bush was elected in November 1988. He had to steer the end of the Cold War, 1989-1990. His team was different from Reagan's, although he had been his vice-president: there were no neo-conservatives; the new Administration was more adept of Kissinger's prudent line....
History, Culture and Society: Spain From the Ancient Age to 2023
Course material - 31 pages - Culture, religion & civilization
The document covers, in the form of revision sheets, key events in History from the Ancient Age to the year 2023. Excerpt: "Under the reign of Philip II (1556-1598), Spain was the first world power. When the king of Portugal died without descendants, Philip defeated the other candidates and was...
Euro communism: Linking democracy and socialism
Thesis - 8 pages - Political science
Simply speaking, Euro communism was a political trend that developed in the 1970s and 1980s in many of the Western European communist parties as a way of applying their political agenda in a way that would be more acceptable in a Western European democracy as it would have less affiliation...
Democracy in Africa
Essay - 5 pages - Political science
In the sphere of comparative politics, and more specifically, African politics, many notable changes have taken place over the last two decades. In this time, considerable research on African politics has centered on democracy and its implementation is different African nations. It was...
The Wilsonian tradition and its limits (1914-1945)
Course material - 6 pages - Modern history
President Wilson (1913-1920) renounced isolationism, which was the American tradition since Monroe: in agreement with his progressive agenda, he believed the US had to act abroad. He promoted a new internationalist doctrine. But he failed to convince either the foreign partners of the US, or, at...
Did Poland make a success of its return to the democracy?
Case study - 3 pages - Political science
Poland, the fatherland of Nicolas Copernicus, Frederic Chopin and Jean-Paul II, is widely regarded as an icon of the emancipation of the people's democracies of Central and Eastern Europe with respect to the USSR. More still, Poland appears in the international imagery as an effective...
Political Parties and Elections - Politics of the Middle East and North Africa
Summary - 2 pages - Political science
This text is based on "After the Arab Spring: Do Muslims vote Islamic now?" by Charles Kurzman and Didem Türkoglu, "Elections in the Arab world: Why do citizens turn out?" by Carolina de Miguel, Amaney A. Jamel and Mark Tessler, "The Middle East" by Ellen Lust and "Bricks and Mortar Clientelism:...
Freedom, Liberty and Democracy
Thesis - 5 pages - Political science
Democracy is considered by many to be the best type of political system possible, and among this group many believe the system of democracy in the United States is also the best of the best. This notion is one worth examining, and one that in some way has become more relevant in the...
The party of European socialists and the identity of European social democracy
Essay - 9 pages - Political science
The question wether there is currently something that can be called the crisis of social-democracy is arguable: after all, social-democractic and socialist parties are still the counterpart of Conservatives and Christian-democrats, sharing alternaltively government responsibilities at...
Jürgen Habermas overemphasises the role of the public sphere in his theory of law and democracy
Essay - 7 pages - Other law subjects
Jürgen Habermas (born June 18, 1929 in Düsseldorf) is a German philosopher, political scientist and sociologist in the tradition of critical theory. His work focuses on the analysis of advanced capitalist industrial society and of democracy and the rule of law in a critical...
What is representative democracy? Is it aim to restrict or to promote popular rule?
Thesis - 4 pages - Political science
One may accept, as Dahl did, that representative democracy is a means to democratize a government. Yet, representative democracy is far from being a true democracy, both restricting and promoting popular rule. The concept of representative democracy derived from the...
The struggle for democracy: An analysis of false flag terrorism in post-war Italy and its contemporary relevance
Essay - 5 pages - Political science
To analyze politics is to attempt to understand the evolution and application of ideas in circumstances that are seldom clearly defined. These ideas are formulated into ideological structures that become the governing principles of specific political philosophies. Words such as morals, culture,...
Case study: To what extent did the democratization process cause Côte d'Ivoire to collapse?
Essay - 5 pages - Political science
Between 1960 and 1990, Côte d'Ivoire was regarded as a model of state stability and state efficiency. But in 2002 the Ivorian State completely collapsed. At the same time the level of democracy in Côte d'Ivoire went up between 1990 and 2002, leading the country from a paternalistic...
Newspaper ownership in Canada
Thesis - 5 pages - Journalism
The press has always been thought of as an important facet of any liberal democracy. The press in Canada has always played an important role in educating the population about the events and news of the day. However, for the press to truly perform its task in a liberal...
Sub-Saharan Africa, of the middle of the years 1950 at the end of the Eighties
Case study - 8 pages - Geography
The process of colonization was marked by dominance and imperialism and dates back to the 16th century. From that time, the Portuguese and Spanish shared the known world and established colonies (territory under a foreign state, the mainland). A new doctrine called colonialism was born and called...
Does History "stop", "start", and "accelerate"?
Essay - 4 pages - Philosophy
The fall of the Berlin wall symbolised the end of communism, and the victory of liberal democracy. The suddenness with which the soviet empire collapsed, without any resistance, authorised the idea that democracy was going to triumph all over the globe. Fukuyama exposed in a...
Using social theory to examine social unrest in post-election Iran
Thesis - 4 pages - Social, moral & civic education
Religion has played a vital role in the development of civilization across all corners of the globe, and today is no exception. The reality is that much of the most notable events throughout the world's history have been influenced in a significant way by religion of one kind or another. The...
Democracy in Action: The Essential Role of Citizens in the United States
Essay - 3 pages - Political science
In a nation built on the ideals of freedom and democracy, the role of active and informed citizens cannot be overstated. The United States has thrived on the principles of civic involvement and participation since its founding. To sustain and strengthen the democratic fabric of the nation,...
Judaism and Rechtsstaat
Essay - 4 pages - Philosophy
The modern political philosophy, influenced by the Enlightenment and the ideal of individual liberty developed by Locke, considers that the political sphere must be independent from the religious sphere. In Israel, this separation between the State and the religion is not so clear. The...
The Clash Of Civilization Samuel Phillips Huntington
Essay - 7 pages - Literature
Sixteen years ago Gorbatchev announced on television that he resigned as the President of the USSR, the Soviet flag was lowered over the Kremlin and on December 26th 1991, the Supreme Soviet Court recognized the extinction of the Soviet Union: the USSR was no more. After more than fifty years of...
John Rawls and the Republicanism
Thesis - 6 pages - Journalism
1989 was an outstanding year for the spread of liberty. In an article published during the summer, Francis Fukuyama comments on this new, remarkable victory of liberal democracy, and predicts “the End of History” as its consequence. Not only has his thesis been abruptly...
The Grand Chessboard by Zbigniew Brzezinski
Essay - 6 pages - International relations
Zbigniew Brzezinski, President Carter's Security Adviser between 1977 and 1981, is currently a member of the Center for Strategic and International Studies. He is also a Professor at Johns Hopkins University and used to teach at Harvard and Columbia. ‘The Grand Chessboard - American...
How Did the Media Influence Spain's Journey to Democracy, Shape Public Perceptions, and Tackle the Challenges of Moving From Censorship to Independence?
Essay - 1 pages - Political science
The media's role in shaping public opinion during Spain's shift from dictatorship to democracy was powerful and profound. As the country moved away from Francisco Franco's authoritarian rule, media outlets—previously controlled by the state—suddenly became key players...
