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[...] Populist movements demand stricter migration policies and a strengthening of border controls to protect jobs and national culture. The rise of parties such as the National Rally in France or the Alternative for Germany (AfD) illustrates this demand for increased control of borders. These parties use the rhetoric of national protection to justify restrictive measures on immigration and trade.8. C. New forms of borders Modern borders are not only physical but also take economic, digital, and security forms, adapting to the new realities of the 21st century. [...]
[...] Michel Foucher describes this evolution as a 'borderization' of the world, where borders become instruments of control, power and management of inequalities. This 'borderization' reflects an adaptation of states and societies to contemporary challenges, where borders are redefined and multiplied to respond to current political, economic and security realities. Thus, it is essential to understand that the resurgence of borders is not a simple return to past models, but an adaptive response to the challenges of the 21st century. This dynamic raises crucial questions for the future of humanity, particularly with regard to the management of migration, national security, economic inequalities, and the protection of human rights. [...]
[...] They are powerful symbols of national identity, allowing states to preserve their culture, language, and traditions in the face of globalization. Independence movements, such as those in Catalonia in Spain or Scotland in the United Kingdom, demonstrate how borders and national identity remain central concerns for many peoples. These movements often seek to redefine borders to better align with cultural and historical identities7. B. Rise of nationalism and populism On the other hand, globalization has sparked nationalist and populist reactions, strengthening the role of borders in internal and external policies. [...]
[...] The establishment of just and equitable rules must ensure respect for human rights and prevent discrimination. Finally, the response to global challenges, such as climate change and pandemics, requires a collaborative and integrated approach to borders, ensuring effective global coordination. Conclusion The resurgence of borders in the era of globalization is a complex and multifaceted reality that cannot be reduced to a simple step backward. Globalization, with its increasing flows of goods, services, capital, and people, has led to a certain attenuation of traditional borders. [...]
[...] This phenomenon leads to questioning the role of borders in the contemporary world: are they an anachronism in a globalized world, or a necessary adaptation to the new challenges of the 21st century? Should we consider the resurgence of borders as a step backward or as a necessary adaptation to the challenges of the 21st century? In other words, how to interpret this reaffirmation of borders in a world that is increasingly interconnected? In this dissertation, we will first examine how globalization tends to erase borders, then analyze the reasons why they persist and strengthen. [...]
