This document provides a detailed analysis of grammatical and semantic deviations in various sentences, exploring the complexities of language and its nuances. From ungrammatical sentences to semantically unacceptable ones, this study delves into the intricacies of syntax and semantics, shedding light on the intricacies of human communication. By examining the parts of speech, valence, and concordance, this analysis offers a comprehensive understanding of the language's underlying structure and its impact on meaning.
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[...] The noun 'pin' is polysemous, so in this context we can actualize two senses: the pin-tool, and the pin-insect. This is a sylleptic sentence. 5. Two ambiguities of a semantic nature: 'avocat' is used sylleptically, and the sentence can allow the actualization of its two meanings (lawyer-profession, avocado-fruit), but the metaphor 'not being in one's plate' does not allow the subject to be disambiguated. It can be taken in its literal sense if it is about the avocado-fruit, as well as in its figurative sense if it is about the lawyer-profession. [...]
[...] à + le) Of A of Without that (idiomatic expression consisting of a preposition + conjunction) Categories The parts of speech that belong to the categories called 'open' or 'lexical' are the noun, the adjective, the adverb and the verb. The others: the pronoun, the determiner, the conjunctions, interjections and prepositions are 'empty', 'grammatical' or 'closed' categories because they cannot integrate new lexemes. Exercise 2 1. *the boys were very kind. > agrammatical sentence, due to syntactic deviation by phenomenon of discordance between the subject and the attribute (discordance of gender). 2. #The rock listens to the sound of the waves. > grammatical sentence but semantically unacceptable, because the inanimate subject 'rock' cannot govern a perception verb. 3. [...]
[...] > agrammatical sentence and unacceptable: the singular subject would require an agreement with the verb in the 3rd person singular 4th person that we have here). Furthermore, the verb 'to hum' is intransitive and cannot accept complements integrating into transitivity. 5. *The students fear. > agrammatical sentence, because the verb 'to fear' cannot be used in an absolute construction. 6. #Marie surprised the kettle. > grammatical sentence, but semantically unacceptable. The semantic deviation comes from the discordance between the 'perceptual' sense of the verb and the inanimate nature of its object. [...]
[...] > grammatical sentence and acceptable. 8. #This bald person is very hairy. > grammatical sentence, but not semantically acceptable because of the antithesis between the subject and its attribute, whereas this type of relationship between two constituents should be based on concordance, the attribute being a property of the subject. However, the property predicated is incompatible with the subject of which it is said that it is X. 9. Lexicology has as its objects of study lexical semantics and lexical morphology. [...]
[...] The inanimate singular noun subject 'laisse' cannot govern a semantically action verb, but syntactically, it cannot also govern a plural verb if it is singular. This is a discordance in terms of agreement. 12. *#The coffee maker lied to the neighbor. > The ungrammatical and unacceptable sentence is so because the inanimate subject (noun of thing) cannot be the subject of a perception/locution verb. This is the first semantic deviation. The second is syntactic: the valence of the verb 'to lie' cannot be direct, because it is an intransitive verb. Exercise 3 1. No ambiguity. [...]
