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[...] In the first part, we will analyze the sources of the so-called 'extensive' economic growth, i.e. based on the accumulation of production factors (labor, capital, resources, etc.). In the second part, we will study the drivers of the so-called 'intensive' economic growth, namely mainly technological progress and productivity gains. In the third part, we will address the central role played by institutions, particularly property rights and patents, in the economic growth process. Detailed Plan I. The accumulation of production factors (labor, capital, resources) contributes to the so-called 'extensive' economic growth A. [...]
[...] This reflection on the sources of economic growth has continued to fuel the reflections of economists since then, such as the British David Ricardo, the Austrian Joseph Schumpeter, the American Robert Solow, or the British Angus Maddison, and to mobilize governments, insofar as economic growth allows a general rise in the standard of living. Historical and geographical context: The search for the origins of growth is, as we have pointed out, not new: it dates back to the appearance of modern growth, namely the first industrial revolution, for the economies now qualified as advanced. Problematic: In this context, we can ask ourselves: what are the sources of economic growth? In other words, what are the factors contributing to increasing the wealth produced each year by a country? [...]
[...] Innovations, the introduction of new technologies, and, more generally, technological progress generate productivity gains and contribute to economic growth B. The example of the 'Thirty Glorious Years' (Jean Fourastié, 1950-1973) in Europe, a period marked by technological catch-up, the deepening of Fordism, and strong economic growth III. The central role played by institutions in the process of economic growth A. Institutions, namely the set of rules that govern economic exchanges in the process of economic growth, play an absolutely major role in the process of economic growth B. [...]
[...] - Introduction and detailed plan Dissertation: What are the sources of economic growth? Introduction Hook: In April 2025, the Minister of Economy, Finance and Industrial and Digital Sovereignty, Éric Lombard, announced the downward revision of the economic growth forecast retained by the French government: from 0.9% to 0.7%. This decision has thus sparked numerous debates, indicating that economic growth, its measurement, and its forecasts are major data in the current economic context. This is particularly the case for the trajectory of public revenues and expenditures, a point that currently seems to be crystallizing all attention, as recent budget imbalances in France and the resulting increase in public debt have become a source of concern. [...]
