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[...] To answer this, we will first see that growth has historically rested on factors linking labor, capital, and productivity. However, we will then note that with technological progress, growth is now more closely linked to endogenous factors such as innovation. Finally, we will analyze the current limits of this economic growth, particularly on the social and environmental levels, which call for a reinvention of development models. Detailed Plan : I. A growth historically driven by traditional factors such as labor, capital, and productivity A. [...]
[...] More recently, the COVID-19 crisis has affected the global economy, stopped exchanges, led to an increase in unemployment, an explosion of credit, and a partial questioning of globalization. Between technological progress, globalization, and climate change, growth is today destabilized, all the more so after the global shock of the COVID-19 crisis, which slowed down exchanges, degraded the labor market, and revealed flaws in the economic model. Today, debates around growth are multiplying. Some economists advocate for 'de-growth', while others bet on innovation and information and communication technologies (ICTs) to make growth greener. It is also necessary to question the social limits of growth. [...]
[...] Technological progress and ICT as sources of growth - Technological progress: inventions, product and process innovations - Digital Revolution, role of ICT in the 2000s - Impact on productivity and work organization B. The Theory of Endogenous Growth - Paul Romer, Robert Lucas: innovation comes from within the system - Importance of education, property rights - Role of the State to stimulate innovation: subsidies, industrial policy C. The role of institutions and economic policies - Stable and inclusive institutions (e.g. [...]
[...] What are the sources of economic growth and how can it be sustainably stimulated in a globalized world, while addressing current social, technological, and environmental challenges? - Detailed introduction and plan Following the trade war triggered in 2025 by Donald Trump between the United States, China, and several Latin American countries, global economic growth prospects were revised downward. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) significantly revised its GDP forecasts for the United States downward, bringing them from 2.7% to 1.8%, due to the uncertainties generated by the imposed customs barriers. [...]
[...] Douglass North) - Importance of governance, fight against corruption - Differences in growth between countries explained by institutional quality III. The social and environmental limits of growth lead to rethinking the model A. Inequality and unemployment, the flip side of growth - Unevenly distributed growth: increasing income inequalities - Phenomenon of structural unemployment despite growth - Social impact: exclusion, social tensions B. The depletion of natural resources and climate change - Planetary limits: pollution, scarcity of resources - Productivist model in question - Need for a 'green' growth or alternative C. [...]
