Extract
[...] As early as the 1960s, several states adopted legislation repressing blasphemy, mainly with a view to preserving religious values. This normative framework was maintained during the 1970s and 1980s, but with a repressive shift, these laws being now instrumentalized to neutralize political opponents and consolidate the authority of the regimes in place. From the 1990s onwards, the application of these laws became tougher, resulting in severe sanctions, sometimes even the death penalty. Since the 2000s, although these laws remain central to authoritarian regimes, reforms have been initiated under international pressure, particularly with regard to human rights and freedom of expression. [...]
[...] As a result, freedom of expression can only be restricted when it generates an imminent incitement to violence. This approach to human rights is based on a fundamental distinction: the protection of individuals against violence rather than the sanctification of religions and beliefs themselves. The impact of blasphemy on society: tensions and interrogations The notions of censorship, discrimination, and blasphemy are closely linked, raising complex questions about the balance between freedom of expression, respect for individual rights, and protection of cultural and religious sensitivities. [...]
[...] - Burgun « Le blasphème, between sacred rights and civil rights: place of the intimate and displacement of the subject Topique 2021/3 n° 153, pp. 17-23. - Cavaillé « Blasphème et Islam Horizons maghrébins n° 74, pp.150-161. - Cruysmans « Racism, blasphemy and freedom of expression: Overview of the Belgian Francophone 'anti-hate speech' case law - Favret-Saada « Les sensibilités religieuses blessées Man vol n° pp. 147-166. - Guerra « Blasphème et hérésie Topique n° pp. 25-37. - Leveleux-Teixeira « Entre droit et religion : le blasphème, du péché de la langue au crime sans victime Revue de l'histoire des religions 2011, pp. 587-602. [...]
[...] To a certain extent, blasphemy is equivalent to false testimony1. The theological aspect of blasphemy: a refusal of faith The blasphemy forms of false testimony The blasphemy constitutes a form of false testimony. In the Old Testament, false testimony is forbidden and heavily sanctioned. It is a sin of extreme gravity. To speak the truth is an obligation relevant to divine law and man does not fully realize his humanity unless he speaks the truth. On the contrary, lying is an act of rebellion against God. [...]
[...] 42571/ September 2005. - ECHR, Giniewski v. France, no. 64016/ January 2006, §51. - ECHR, Aydin Tatlav c. Turkey, no. 50692/ May 2006, § 28. - ECHR, Klein v. Slovakia, no. 72208/ October 2006. - ECHR, Giniewski, § 51; Willem v. [...]
