Unilateral lesions of the Nigrostriatal pathway
Tutorials/exercises - 20 pages - Biology
The nigrostriatal system through the basal ganglia is essential for regulating motor movement. Normal motor behavior requires a delicate balance between the excitatory direct pathway and the inhibitory indirect pathway modulated by the D1 and D2 receptors, respectively. Unilateral destruction...
Spirulin: astonishing seaweed
Essay - 12 pages - Biology
From a biological point of view, Spirulin is one of the oldest inhabitants of the Earth. This cyanobacterium appeared 3.5 billions years ago. It is thought to have achieved photosynthesis for another billion years, until the first plant apparition. It naturally grows between latitudes 35°N and...
The Giant Panda
Essay - 3 pages - Biology
The Giant Panda, scientifically known as the Ailurodopa melanoleuca, is considered an endangered species found in a few mountain ranges in central China, Sichuan, Shannxi, and the Gansu Provinces, according to the Smithsonian National Zoological Park. The Smithsonian Zoo continues to add that...
Skeletal Radiology and Bone Growth
Tutorials/exercises - 4 pages - Biology
Radiographic examination is the key to the diagnosis of many skeletal abnormalities. It is essential that each bone be examined in its entirety, including the cortex, medullary canal (cancellous bone or spongiosa), and articular ends. The position and alignment of joints are determined. In...
Blood Extraction and Cell Sorting Integrated on Single MEMS Device
Essay - 17 pages - Biology
A Lab-on-chip using MEMS fabrication technology concepts, has been the focus of many different research groups in the past decades. This research topic has been investigated extensively to identify the many advantages that a lab-on-chip device can potentially offer to the medical field. MEMS...
Analysis of an Association between Nicotine Dependence and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Essay - 5 pages - Biology
The goal of this paper is to evaluate the significance of the co-morbidity of nicotine abuse in adolescents afflicted with ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). Due to the nature of the disorder and its possible underlying pathophysiology of dopaminergic dysfunction, the use of...
Is the Dingo a true Aussie specie? Managing the Dingo (Canis lupus dingo): Conflict between the anthropogenic and environmental factors
Essay - 6 pages - Biology
According to Aboriginal myths and legends, the dingo (Canis lupus dingo) would have evolved in Australia from the “Dreaming” - the creation period - and have always been a highly estimated and valued companion. As a consequence of these oral memories and scarce testimonies of the past,...
Novel pressure-relief wheelchair: research paper
Tutorials/exercises - 30 pages - Biology
Pressure sores are painful and debilitating tissue wounds which commonly affect wheelchair users. Current treatment of pressure sores requires bed-rest for up to sixteen weeks, which is unacceptable for patients with active life-styles. The purpose of our project is to design a wheelchair that...
Concentration/evaporation of the juices
Essay - 15 pages - Biology
The fruit juice processing industry is one of the world's major agro-based businesses. Orange juice is the dominant juice trade worldwide. Juice is a liquid naturally contained in vegetable or fruit tissue. Juice may be supplied in concentrate form. Generally, concentrates have a noticeably...
Water Research Project
Case study - 4 pages - Biology
The human body is composed of 50-80% water. Blood and muscles contain significant amounts, and approximately 95% of the brain is water. All body systems and organs need water to function properly, and will shut down without it. Most of the chemical reactions that take place in our body need water...
Face Value: The Complexities of Genetic Engineering
Essay - 2 pages - Biology
Society is no stranger to technology - it has been adapting it and advancing it for decades. Technology has completely revolutionized the way we interact each other as well as ourselves. Due to this complete integration, there has been an addiction formulated. Human beings now thrive on...
Natural Selection vs. Divine Creation
Essay - 3 pages - Biology
From the beginning of the ideas presented by Charles Darwin in The Origin of Species, and their gaining support from the scientific community, the theory of evolution was been met with opposition. A great deal of this opposition came from religious groups who believed in a creation from a divine...
Effects of Road Salt on Germination and Growth
Tutorials/exercises - 11 pages - Biology
This report examined the effects of road salt in relation to growth and germination in the Brassica rapa, a common turnup flower. The initial questions considered if the salt would actually affect the growth. There were four groups of plants which were collected. The groups included a control...
Results and Figures of Salt on Germination and Growth
Essay - 3 pages - Biology
Finding the effects of salt on germination and growth of plants took twenty-two days of research. Each collection day the height, height of the leaf, color, height of the node, number of buds, and the number of the flowers were taken into account. Based on the original hypothesis stating that the...
Brassica Rapa in Comparison With Sodium Chloride
Essay - 4 pages - Biology
In this study the Brassica Rapa will be tested to see if salt water effects it's growth. Data will be taken from four different types of groups: distilled water; 0.25% of sodium chloride; 1.00% of sodium chloride; and 4.00% of sodium chloride. Data will be collected in a twenty-two day span,...
Étude du rôle d'un gène jouant un rôle potentiel dans la voie de signalisation de Hedgehog chez la drosophile
Case study - 7 pages - Biology
Nous allons nous concentrer ici sur la voie de signalisation de Hedgehog (Hh) chez la Drosophile. Hh est connu pour être l'un des gènes de polarité des segments exprimés durant la phase tardive du développement embryonnaire de Drosophila melanogaster. Les gènes de polarité des segments sont...
Production of bacteria colonies containing normal and mutated version of the same gene (encoding for a Bacillus thuringiensis's toxin), in order to compare the activity of the corresponding proteins
Case study - 13 pages - Biology
The Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a bacterium which mostly has insects as hosts. When the growing conditions are bad (lack in nutrients, bad temperature etc.), Bt produces spores, sleeping forms of the bacterium, which are able to resist even extreme conditions. What makes Bt different from...
The Social History of LSD
Essay - 4 pages - Biology
When Albert Hofmann created LSD 25 during experimentation in his laboratory, he had no idea what was to become of it, or what kind of an impact it would have. "Dr. Humphry Osmond invented the term 'psychodelic', which was later amended to 'psychedelic to get rid of the nuthouse...
The CCR5-Delta 32 Genetic Mutation and Human Evolution - published: 27/11/2007
Essay - 2 pages - Biology
Genetic mutations are not uncommon. They can happen for a variety of reasons and have a variety of effects. Those with negative effects are weeded out by natural selection, and those with positive effects prevail and are accumulated due to natural selection. These mutations can be caused by a...
Venomous Lizards
Essay - 2 pages - Biology
The two venomous lizards of the world are impressive creatures about which much misinformation has been spread for centuries. They have been thought to possess supernatural features such as poisonous breath, a stinging tail and the ability to spit their venom. The Gila monster (Heloderma...
Venomous Snakes
Tutorials/exercises - 4 pages - Biology
The term pit viper comes from the presence of paired, highly sensitive, thermoreceptor organs (pits) present on the forward portion of these snakes' heads. These structures, also known as foveal organs, serve the snake in locating prey, aiming strikes, and adjusting venom dose. The foveal...
An Assessment of Historical and Contemporary Land Use at Hedgehog Mountain, Freeport, Maine, via Field Observation
Case study - 5 pages - Biology
The purpose of this investigation was to collect information that allowed the formulation of a hypothesis as to the land-use history of the Hedgehog Mountain preserve, and to correlate empirical observations with a limited literature review in an attempt to validate the hypothesis presented. The...
Intraneuronal Signaling Pathways
Tutorials/exercises - 7 pages - Biology
Prior to delineating the organization of specific intraneuronal signaling pathways, it is important to consider, in general terms, their role in helping neurons interpret and respond to the barrage of afferent stimulation impinging on them continuously. From an evolutionary perspective, second...
Ion Channels
Tutorials/exercises - 6 pages - Biology
Structure and Function of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels Voltage-gated ion channels allow the flow of ions in response to changes in membrane voltage and are key elements in neuronal excitation and inhibition. Although ion channels can usually pass more than a single type of ion, voltage-gated...
Neurotransmitter and Ion Channels
Tutorials/exercises - 3 pages - Biology
Classes of Neurotransmitters Much of the information transfer between neurons in the CNS occurs via chemical synapses. These synapses use a variety of messengers (neurotransmitters) that are released in a Ca2+-dependent fashion from presynaptic terminals and act on specific protein receptors to...
Sybaptic Plasticity
Tutorials/exercises - 4 pages - Biology
In its simplest form, the postsynaptic response to neurotransmitter release can be mediated by a single protein complex. For example, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are self-contained stimulus-response modules that both detect a stimulus, acetylcholine, and generate a response, passage of ion...
Principles of Cellular Electrophysiology
Tutorials/exercises - 3 pages - Biology
Resting Membrane Potential In nerve cells, potassium ions (K+) are at higher concentration inside the membrane than outside whereas the opposite is true for sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), and chloride (Cl-) ions (Fig. 1.9-1). The bulk solutions on either side of the membrane are electrically...
Receptors and Second Messengers
Tutorials/exercises - 11 pages - Biology
Neuropeptide receptors have undergone the same process of discovery and characterization that receptors for other neurotransmitters have enjoyed. The process begins with the pharmacological characterization of the receptor's physicochemical binding properties by assessing the affinity of...
Neuropeptides: Biology and Regulation
Tutorials/exercises - 7 pages - Biology
The past several decades have witnessed a veritable explosion of knowledge about the central nervous system (CNS), and in no area has this been as impressive as in peptide neurobiology. Numerous peptide neurotransmitter candidates have been identified and characterized, their CNS distributions...
Pinus strobus - Eastern White Pine
Presentation - 26 pages - Biology
Common: Eastern White Pine Scientific: Pinus strobus Derivation of name: Latin name for pine from Greek "pitus" / incense-bearing or a gum-yielding tree (pitchy) or [sic] Greek "strobus" (cone) [1] Also known as: white pine, northern white pine, northern pine, ship-mast pine, soft pine, pin...
