Extract
[...] However, in the face of the threat posed by the rise of populism and nationalism, it is crucial to remain vigilant and defend democratic values. For me, this means first of all strengthening the mechanisms for protecting liberal democracy. On the one hand, strengthening civic education to form citizens in the values of democracy, pluralism, and tolerance is essential. On the other hand, protecting the independence of institutions, particularly the judiciary, the media, and other key institutions for the proper functioning of democracy. [...]
[...] To conclude, Hilary Putnam proposes in his 1996 book "Must We Choose Between Patriotism and Universal Reason», loyalty to what is best in the multiple traditions to which each of us belongs, a middle ground between a narrow-minded patriotism and an overly abstract cosmopolitanism (PUTMAN p.52). 2.1.6. Conclusion of the research on the concept of nationalism Thus, within this concept, a tangible difficulty remains. The expansion of the concept of the nation can in fact lead to a destructive deviation, as history still reminds us today. While for Blanchard, on the contrary, if in this globalization we hinder the expansion of this conceptual element, we produce a reinforcement of the great powers and a radicalization of the small nations. [...]
[...] Conclusion of the Chapter Chapter 2. The Rise of Populisms and Nationalisms 2.1. Nationalism 2.1.1. Positive Nationalism 2.1.2. Negative Nationalism 2.1.3. Exclusionary Nationalism 2.1.4. Economic Nationalism 2.1.5. Nationalism in the Global Era 2.1.6. Conclusion of the Research on the Concept of Nationalism 2.2. Populism 2.2.1. [...]
[...] The only factor that recognizes the diversity of opinions and interests in society. In the work of Robert Alan Dahl, titled Polyarchy ; participation and opposition, and published in 1971, pluralism encourages the participation of all citizens in political life and guarantees the freedom to form political parties and associations to defend their ideas. (DAHL 2). Finally, the last of the pillars is that of free elections. For Joseph Schumpeter, economist and author of the work Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, published in 1942, elections must be free in order to ensure the legitimacy of the government and popular sovereignty (SCHUMPETER 269). [...]
[...] This rise in nationalism can be explained by the successive crises that our world has gone through. For the Council on Foreign Relations, a US think tank, this evolution is marked by the general inflation of the currency, but also by the successive crises, including the Subprime crisis in 2008, the Covid-19 pandemic, or the energy crisis. (COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, 2023). For several researchers, including Martin Blanchard, political philosopher, the finding is that nationality is a real driver of public action, leading to a continuity of public action. [...]
