Sustainable development, climate change, environmental justice, Brundtland report, IPCC, Paris Agreement, Kyoto Protocol, ecological movements, ecodevelopment, law and development
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Abstract
This document discusses the concept of sustainable development, its emergence, and its relation to climate change, environmental justice, and international law.
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[...] Development of ecological movements. In 1973, first oil shock following the Yom Kippur War and in 1979 second oil shock following the revolution in Iran. ? Problem. How to feed all the inhabitants. The international community will try to think about development differently. Alternative notions to development: - Idea of 'society of conservation » by Edouard Goldsmith : highlighting the need for preserve resources to endure. - Idea of the '"zero growth » inspired by the Report Meadows : all activities should strive for a state of balance between need and production. [...]
[...] Critique of order philosophical ; concept of sustainable development too dépoliticized according to them in the sense that it would not imply no radical transformations of societies, but simple adjustments, It is proposed to replace the concept of sustainable development with environmental justice. Nature must be protected, according to Juliette Grande. The climate skeptics. II. Chapter 2 - Sustainable Development and Climate Change Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC: it produces scientific reports where the climate change is rigorously studied. It was created in 1988 by the governments United Nations. Objective: to study the intensity of climate change. [...]
[...] Consequences on international and national law. 1. Development or underdevelopment Idea of underdevelopment appeared in the years 1970 : turning point in economic thought. Re-examination of the model of capitalist development. The Report Meadows commissioned by the Club of Rome. Under the name of the Meadows Report, he published Stop to the growth in 1972. This text challenges the growth of liberal economies that can have harmful consequences. The report highlights the consequences of the industrial development and of theglobal demographic growth on the environment. [...]
[...] concerns developed countries and those in development. The Paris Agreement can be considered as a advance of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 which had as inconvenience of ne not set a numerical target. Another inconvenience: it was not" not applied by the United States and China, the two main polluting countries. The Paris Agreement promises to be more effective, as the United States commits to implementing measures that can be taken to progress. There is no no measures of sanctions. [...]
