History of Information and Communication

Extract

[...] (only about 15% in the newspaper, never in its entirety) Chronology 1776: American Revolution 1789 - 1815: French Revolution + Napoleon 1832: Havas ? Press Agency 1861 - 1865: American Civil War 1914 -1918 and 39 - 45: 2000: web (adsl) 2005: smartphone + social networks Synthesis Information is a message, put into form. Its objective is to change something (arrival of the consumer society) in the receiver. This is of the order of influence. This is by definition of 'soft power'. But it's also a tool of alienation. Information is a product of appeal, it's invented to give oneself a good conscience. [...]

[...] This is the birth of a quality press, thanks to great reports and investigation. FR: L'Express. Journalism becomes different, because we treat information at a distance, since we are not in immediacy. Journalists have the time to take photos, retouch them . In these news magazines, we find types of ads, intended for a targeted and captive audience, as well as upper socio-professional categories. Conclusion: the press crisis Is journalism in crisis? Journalism is not in crisis, but written press is because there are more and more media and information demands. [...]

[...] There is also cultural domination through language and colonization. Countries make their discoveries known through the press. What establishes a competitiveness between countries is a rivalry. In 1776, the American Revolution then comes or the states declare their independence. But at that time, there is a rivalry between all countries. They therefore try to go see what is happening in America. This is also the first time that international press focuses on a specific event, at a specific place, because we consider that compared to Europe it is far. [...]

[...] Therefore, there is a creation of social distinction. Martin Luther, the founder of Protestantism at this time, explains that to speak of religion one must write in a language that is understandable to all. He therefore decides to translate the Bible into German, as this allows one to no longer rely on the clergy, but also so that people stop reading the Bible in Latin, which they do not understand. This is the foundation of Protestantism at the same time. [...]

[...] It is a technological innovation that allows for the commercialization of what is written through newspapers, books . This creates a curiosity of the people that will give access to ancient text knowledge, cartography . in Europe. This is what is called the Humanism current. From then on, we seek to impose standards, we create dictionaries, a grammar for each language and translation dictionaries in the Academies. We therefore normalize languages for the purposes of communication. A new mode of reading emerges from the 16th century. [...]