The Treaty of Lisbon: the division of competences between the EU and the Member States
Worksheets - 3 pages - European union
Conceived and founded by Robert Schuman, Europe as a community, has continued to evolve and grow over the years, through the formation of various Treaties. Out of the 6 members present originally in 1957, in 1992, the EEC became the European Union with 12 Member States....
How are competences between the EU and the Member States with the Treaty of Lisbon controlled?
Essay - 4 pages - International relations
The European Union (EU), as we know it today, is the result of decade-long integration efforts, and officially came into being with the Schuman Declaration on 9 May 1950. The process of the European construction has been a lengthy one; the primary goal behind a European entity was to prevent the...
European Union Law - Commentary: Article 4 of the EU Treaty (Member States' sovereignty/cooperation duties)
Thesis - 4 pages - European law
The document we are going to comment on is the article 4 of the EU Treaty, as modified by the Lisbon Treaty. It highlights the fact that the EU membership implies a great number of consequences for the member States. According to this article, although some rights belonging to the...
Primacy / Supremacy of European Community Law against Sovereignty of the Member States
Essay - 25 pages - European law
Today the European Union (EU) consists of 27 Member States; it reaches from the Atlantic coast of Western Europe all the way to the Black Sea of Eastern Europe. In the European Union, the most important and closest collaboration between the Member States happens via...
Describe the major differences in interests and perspectives of the member states of the European Union on Iraq and the US policy
Essay - 15 pages - International relations
The Iraq conflict uncovers difficulties for the member states of the European Union to find a common position in the context of the Common Foreign and Security Policy. This essay describes the major differences in the interest and perspectives of the member governments on...
Outline and assess the extent to which the WTO agreements have legal effects before EU and member states' courts, creating rights for individuals and the possibility of testing the compatibility of EU secondary legislation with these agreements. - published: 09/05/2009
Thesis - 10 pages - International relations
Because its creation was not a simple extension of the GATT, literature has shown a lively curiosity for the reception of WTO law within the Community legal order. Some concrete facts justify this infatuation. Unlike its predecessor, the WTO is a permanent institution with its own secretariat...
Outline and assess the extent to which the wto agreements have legal effects before eu and member states' courts, creating rights for individuals and the possibility of testing the compatibility of eu secondary legislation with these agreements.
Essay - 12 pages - International law
Because its creation was not a simple extension of the GATT, literature has shown a lively curiosity for the reception of WTO law within the Community legal order. Some concrete facts justify this infatuation. Unlike its predecessor, the WTO is a permanent institution with its own secretariat...
Federal and States restrictions on abortion, with a focus on Oklahoma
Essay - 8 pages - Social, moral & civic education
The year 2023 will mark half a century of legal abortion in the United States. However, Roe v Wade, the landmark abortion decision, may not survive as the Supreme Court might soon overturn it and enable states to criminalize abortion. The term "abortion" in this essay will refer...
DAC 6: The Mandatory Disclosure Regime
Practical guide - 4 pages - European law
Under the European Union's DAC6 tax disclosure coordination, the reporting requirements have become enforced across the member states after an almost seven-month postponement of reporting deadlines by many member states, as a result of the recent coronavirus pandemic....
The Constitution - Fulfilling the Purposes in the Preamble
Tutorials/exercises - 4 pages - Constitutional law
The constitution is for a unified nation in support of the federal supremacy clause (Dimmock et al., 101). Therefore, this creates a more united, cohesive, and effective government system. For instance, nullification of the authority of state sovereignty to a unified central government...
Towards a European Confederation? From de Gaulle's Return to Power to the Milan European Summit (1958-1985)
Course material - 6 pages - Modern history
After the failure of the federal concept and the more prudent approach of the Rome Treaties, for about 30 years, the European Economic Community (EEC) seemed to develop more along the concept of a European Confederation, not a Federation, as envisioned by the Founding Fathers, Robert Schuman or...
EU towards a federal state
Case study - 5 pages - European union
"Europe will not be made all at once, or according to a single plan. It will be built through concrete achievements which first create a de facto solidarity" (issued from Schuman Declaration on 9th May 1950). At the end of the Second World War, bruised, France, Germany, Benelux, and Italy,...
The European Union and its International Role - Towards a European Federation? (From the European Conference in The Hague to the Rome Treaties, 1948-1957)
Course material - 6 pages - Modern history
Already during the war, many Resistance groups asked themselves how to stop the cycle of recurring European wars. After 1945, many groups and associations suggested going back to the European ideas of the 20s, which included the concept of a European Union (Briand Plan of 1930). They stressed...
What are the main obstacles to the EU being considered a major global actor?
Essay - 8 pages - International relations
"If I had to sum up the objective of this presidency in one sentence, I would say that we must move from a Europe of cooperation within our borders to a powerful Europe in the world, fully sovereign, free of its choices and master of its destiny." In a press conference on December 9, 2021, the...
Towards a Kind of European Constitution? From the Saint-Malo Franco-British Meeting to the Lisbon Treaty (1998-2007)
Course material - 6 pages - Modern history
In 1998, Prime Minister Blair had to realize that the fact that GB did not participate in the Euro would actually marginalize her inside the European Union. He decided to recover the initiative, and to take up the subject of European defense, where GB could contribute in an important way, because...
The Interplay of National and European Considerations in the Foreign Policy of EU Members - The Countries Other than France and Germany
Course material - 8 pages - Political science
France and Germany alone can no longer call the tune in the EU. They henceforth have to take much more into account the agenda of the other members. We shall see first that agenda, regrouping, of course, the different countries into larger groups along their affinities, and then the...
Implementation of European Law in a federal state: The Belgian case between coherence and autonomy
Case study - 9 pages - European law
‘Ultimately the impact of EU rules depends on the willingness and capacity of Member States authorities to ensure that they are transposed and enforced effectively and fully and on time' (Graver) . This statement from the European Commission in its White Paper on Governance...
How Does the Constitutional Council Carry Out the Constitutional Review Under the Fifth Republic?
Essay - 5 pages - Constitutional law
The Constitutional Council is defined by the articles of Title VII of the 1958 Constitution. Its arrival in seventh position in the order is indicative of the lack of importance that the constitution grants it. The introduction of a jurisdiction in charge of priority preliminary rulings was...
Personal Statement: Sample report
Case study - 3 pages - Psychology
I have always had a desire to be a change to other people. Success to me has been subjective not objective. My journey into pursuing occupational therapy, to me is like a revelation. It came at the right time and the right place. From that moment, i see my future as an occupational therapist. It...
The situation of the United States concerning the Kyoto Protocol
Thesis - 17 pages - International relations
Understanding and predicting climate issues have become important because of disturbances caused by human activities and population pressure and economic development. The scientists were the first to draw the attention of policymakers on the risk of climate change linked to emissions of...
The future of the state in a global context: Is the European Union a super state?
Thesis - 12 pages - European union
The organization of the world has been changing for the past few decades. Besides the nation sates, a lot of different forms of organization have been coming up. The development of international relations has brought about the need for organizations which enable cooperation between the national...
The European Union and democratic progress in post communist states:The cases of Bulgaria, Romania, and Croatia
Thesis - 7 pages - Political science
Since the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet Union, strong winds of change have been sweeping across the European continent. With the growth of the European Union into the region's dominant political force, the last remnants of communism and totalitarian rule are rusting...
Why are foreign exchange rates of G3 (the United States, Japan, Europe) so unstable?
Thesis - 12 pages - Economy general
In 1973, Nixon unilaterally decided to break off all references to gold and to float the dollar to escape the constraints of the international monetary system of Bretton Woods which was becoming increasingly burdensome on the U.S. economy. This ended the system of fixed exchange rates, which had...
A study on H & R Johnson (India) Ltd (A member of Johnson ceramics international - UK)
Case study - 14 pages - Business strategy
The industry is de-licensed. It is classified as high priority for industrial use. Tableware and allied items namely, dinner sets, tea sets, cups and saucers, jars. etc. in stoneware, semi-vitreous ware and earthen ware are reserved for the SSI sector. State-of-the-art ceramic goods are...
The European System of Central Banks
Case study - 4 pages - Economy general
The European System of Central Banks (ESCB) is composed of the European Central Bank (ECB) and the National Central Banks (NCB's) of all 15 EU Member States. The "Eurosystem" is the term used to refer to the ECB and the NCBs of the Member States who have euro as...
The European Stability and Growth Pact in the International Crisis
Essay - 3 pages - European union
The European Council created the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP), an agreement among the 16 members of the European Union who take part in the Eurozone, to facilitate and maintain the stability of the Economic and Monetary Union. The pact was adopted in its Amsterdam session on 17 June...
How an EU military could affect world peace through international law
Thesis - 12 pages - International law
There is no greater motivation for European unification than the desire for peace. Just like the UN, the EU wants to avoid the “scourge of war” for its future generations. In times of peace, the world forgets that the EU is not an economic coalition, but is instead a peaceful, foreign...
Right of establishment in the European Community
Thesis - 6 pages - European union
Article 43 states that restrictions on freedom of establishment of citizens of a Member State shall be prohibited. The community should eliminate domestic measures that were likely to impede the free movement of its citizens. It was done gradually. The Council enabled the...
Essay on the Rome Convention on the law applicable to contractual obligations
Essay - 13 pages - International law
The Rome Convention on the Law applicable to contractual obligations “applies to contractual obligations in any situation involving a choice between the laws of different countries.” The scope of the Convention is therefore clear; its aim is to regulate contractual relations between...
Foster v. British Gas plc: A European mirror of the French Public Service?
Law case - 4 pages - European law
Most of the developed states are aware of what public service is through facts. But only a few of them have come up with a legal definition of what it really is. In French Administrative law, the notion of public service has never been and will never be easily displayed. Major academics...
