Abstract
In this paper, the author focuses on the evolution of borders, particularly in the United States and Europe, and on some of the related effects, such as the "externalization" and "internalization" of border controls that have emerged with the rise of security concerns, particularly after September 11.
Extract
[...] Conclusion Receiving countries continue to elaborate immigration policies for "national security" purposes, which have led to an expansion of borders, both internal and external, far from physical boundaries. While external policies are focused on preventing any migration through visa requirements and other strategies, such as cooperation with "transit states", internal policies are focused on deportation and detention, but also prevent immigrant´s families to be reunited or immigrant´s ability to work and settle. These policies ultimately exacerbate inequalities worldwide, but also internal division, by giving even more power to the powerful receiving states. [...]
[...] Immigration Law Beyond Borders: Externalizing and Internalizing Border Controls in an Era of Securitization - Cecilia Menjívar (2014) - http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110413-030842 1. Author´s argument and issues raised In this paper, the author focuses on the evolution of borders, particularly in the United States and Europe, and on some of the related effects, such as the "externalization" and "internalization" of border controls that have emerged with the rise of security concerns, particularly after September 11. While globalisation has encouraged world trade, free movement of persons has suffered from immigration policies in a climate of securitization. [...]
[...] Violence towards migrants seem to be more effective in these "transit" countries and lead to violation of human rights, particularly in "detention centres". Besides, externalization policies have contributed to transform some "transit states" to receiving states and have created serious consequences for certain communities in these countries. 3. "Internalization" of borders The internalization process is linked with "detection, detention and deportation" strategies to regulate migration flows. Among those strategies, the separation of families of migrants has become the norm and legislation toward reunification visas has become more severe. [...]
