Republicans, secular education, 19th century France, monarchy restoration, Church influence, social transformation, bourgeoisie, Orléanists, legitimists, Count of Chambord, Philippe dOrléans, Victor Hugo, WaldeckRousseau laws, trade unionism
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Abstract
The rise of the Republicans in 19th century France and their efforts to secularize education and establish a republican regime.
Contents
What differences can be made between the political activity of notables and that of new political entrepreneurs in the 19th century?
Explain in what way the Paris Commune episode stabilizes the 3rd Republic.
Explain the school work of the Republicans.
Why does the attempt at monarchic restoration in 1973 fail?
In what does the process of republicanization of institutions consist?
What differences can be made between the political activity of notables and that of new political entrepreneurs in the 19th century?
Explain in what way the Paris Commune episode stabilizes the 3rd Republic.
Explain the school work of the Republicans.
Why does the attempt at monarchic restoration in 1973 fail?
In what does the process of republicanization of institutions consist?
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Extract
[...] The latter allows political representatives to travel to Paris more regularly due to reduced travel times, and to participate in meetings that were in fact closed to them in the past. In fact, the ranks of the RThe Republicans of the 1870-80s are essentially composed of large bourgeois from the banking world, in full expansion after the liberal measures taken by Napoleon III. 2. Explain how the Paris Commune episode stabilizes the 3rd Republic. All the rAll the political evolutions that had a global impact on the French territory originated from Paris, with insurrectionary foci also located in the major provincial cities. [...]
[...] However, the Republicans, whose credit is increasing among voters, are represented by Mac-Mahon, who enjoys a certain prestige due to the victorious repression of the Commune. A conservative Republican and in reality partly monarchist, Mac-Mahon constitutes a reassuring and temperate figure in fact, so that some Orléanists prefer him to Count of Chambord. In terms of'In historical anecdote, the project also failed due to the Count of Chambord's refusal on October to adopt the tricolor flag, considered by the legitimists as a symbol of the Revolution, and therefore unacceptable given the noble guillotined during the Terror. [...]
[...] On the one hand, the law of June makes primary education public and above all free. In parallel, the law of March makes compulsory schooling for young children aged 6 to 13. Similarly, these laws reinforce the measures taken since 1875 consisting in expelling the religious congregations in charge of school education. In other words, the secular, compulsory, and free nature of schooling as we know it today is a legacy of the Republicans of 1870-80. 4. Why the attempt at restoring the monarchy in 1873 failed toshe ? [...]
[...] From this point of view, the episode of the Commune accentuates the split between moderate republicans and the most radical fringes. In other words, this This event has a stabilizing impact in that republicans have the reflex to recenter themselves towards a less social conception of the Republic. This element was debated since the June Days of the 1848 Revolution and the closure of the National Workshops: after the commune, socialism is explicitly distinguished from opportunistic Republicans, who are in fact considered more moderate. [...]
[...] L'The primary objective of the Republicans in the 1870s is to establish a system capable of supporting the republican regime in the long term. However, school is an essential vector of social transformation, so that school laws essentially respond to two objectives: on the one hand, to extend the social base of the school by including social classes that have little or no access to it; on the other hand, to a lesser extent, to lengthen the average duration of children's schooling. [...]
