The 2015 UN Paris Climate Agreement: success or a failure?
Case study - 5 pages - Ecology & environment
The Paris Agreement adopted in December 2015, aims to limit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to levels that would prevent global temperatures from increasing more than 2 °C (3.6 °F) above the temperature benchmark set before the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. The goal is to achieve...
The Interplay of National and European Considerations in the Foreign Policy of EU Members - France and Germany
Course material - 11 pages - Political science
Since the origins of the European project, Europe has depended on close Franco-German cooperation. As we have seen, all the big moves forward were possible because of the basic Franco-German agreement; the last major instance was Maastricht in 1992. The other countries had to follow. Of course,...
The Impact of the Barcelona Traction Case on Shareholder Protection under International Law or The Diplomatic Protection of Companies and Shareholders
Thesis - 27 pages - International law
This research paper has been written by Mr Éric J. CHICATE-LAURENT, a student at University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne. The Barcelona Traction judgment of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) of February 5th 1970, considerably shaped the protection of foreign investors. Indeed, this...
Towards a "Europe-puissance" or towards a free trade zone?
Course material - 8 pages - International relations
The development of the European Union, along the line of constant progress towards more integration, which more or less prevailed since 1950, appeared to stop suddenly in May 2005 with the French "No" to the so-called Constitutional Treaty. That problem has been solved, at least for now,...
The Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
Thesis - 5 pages - Modern history
This text is an excerpt from the Treaty of Peace and Friendship signed in Utrecht on 11 April 1713 between France and Great Britain. This treaty precedes that of July 13, 1713 of the agreement between Great Britain and Spain. After fourteen months of arduous negotiations...
Towards a European Defense?
Course material - 7 pages - International relations
The problem of a European defense system is not new: we remember the Brussels Treaty of 1948, which was a military alliance between GB, France and the Benelux countries, including a common European general staff which was stationed in Fontainebleau, until it was taken over by NATO in 1951,...
What U.S. traditions, apparent lessons of history, contemporary crises, or other factors account for Woodrow Wilson's failure to win Senate ratification of the Treaty of Versailles?
Essay - 3 pages - Modern history
"I have loved but one flag and I cannot share that devotion and give affection to the mongrel banner invented for a league. The United States is the world's best hope, but if you fetter her in the interests and quarrels of other nations, if you tangle her in the intrigues of Europe, you will...
Treaty of alliance and mutual assistance between his majesty with respect to that of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the President of the French Republic, signed at Dunkirk, on 4 March 1947
Essay - 13 pages - Political science
In March 1947, an historic alliance treaty was sealed between Britain and France. Indeed, it conveyed for the former a dramatic shift in its traditionally cautious and reserved foreign policy towards continental Europe in general and France in particular. The Entente Cordiale of 1904 had...
The foreign policy implications that the treaty on the constitution of Europe signified for the EU in terms of giving it a legal personality
Thesis - 6 pages - European law
Whereas the consequences of the French and Dutch “no” to the referendums proposing the adoption of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe do not stop to rattle the European political class, the innovations it proposed are still dangling. Nonetheless, some major points...
The treaty of Versailles - publié le 21/01/2009
Essay - 4 pages - Modern history
World War I (1914-1918) left the European continent completely devastated (especially France and Belgium). Human and material losses were massive. Indeed, about 10 million lives had been lost during the war. In order to prevent this nightmare from happens again, the victorious powers (the...
Towards a Federation of Nation-States? - From the Milan summit to the Nice one (1985-2000)
Course material - 7 pages - Modern history
To try to describe the aim of the European Construction at the beginning of the 90ies, Jacques Delors, president of the European Commission from 1985 to 1995, invented the concept of a Federation of Nation-States. An oxymoron? What does national sovereignty become in such a system? But still it...
How to explain the "Yes" victory of Brittany in the 2005 European Constitutional Treaty in France?
Case study - 9 pages - Political science
The French (and the Dutch) rejection of the European Constitutional Treaty in the spring of 2005 led to stop the European integration project on a global scale. For the first time, two countries, which founded the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Community, with the...
The failure of Woodrow Wilson to win the consent of the Senate for ratification of the Treaty of Versailles
Essay - 4 pages - Modern history
The Treaty of Versailles put a final conclusion to the World War I in June 1919, but the consequences of this 6-month bitter negotiation between the "Big Three" had the greatest influence on the course of the following twenty years. The Armistice signed on November 11th, 1918 had formerly...
How could international law support a transition to renewable sources of energy?
Essay - 4 pages - International law
Climate change is an international issue. Indeed, no matter how much greenhouse gases emissions decrease in Europe, if the world does not act collectively climate change and its consequences will continue. But climate change is not only an international topic, it intersects with many...
Greater Lebanon
Course material - 6 pages - Modern history
Greater Lebanon was a political entity that was established in 1920 and included parts of modern-day Lebanon, Syria, and Israel. It was created by the League of Nations as a mandatory territory for the French Empire following the fall of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. The area was intended...
Towards a European Confederation? From de Gaulle's Return to Power to the Milan European Summit (1958-1985)
Course material - 6 pages - Modern history
After the failure of the federal concept and the more prudent approach of the Rome Treaties, for about 30 years, the European Economic Community (EEC) seemed to develop more along the concept of a European Confederation, not a Federation, as envisioned by the Founding Fathers, Robert Schuman or...
How does the Treaty of Lisbon modify European Union's foreign policy?
Case study - 8 pages - European union
Most European citizens expect the European Union (EU) to play a more significant role on the international stage. According to a survey conducted in France in June 2007 , 70% of the French respondents agree with the idea that EU might have a common foreign policy vis-à-vis other countries and...
The treaty of Versailles
Essay - 4 pages - Modern history
World War I (1914-1918) left the European continent completely devastated (especially France and Belgium). Human and material losses were massive. Indeed, about 10 million lives had been lost during the war. In order to prevent this nightmare from happens again, the victorious powers (the...
The Birth of a Nation: North America
Course material - 5 pages - Medieval history
From the period of English colonization to the attainment of independence, various groups of migrants, including the French and Spanish, played significant roles. However, our focus will be on the English migrants who were instrumental in shaping the course of history during this era. The...
Competitiveness of the European Union versus the main economic power of the world
Essay - 12 pages - Management
The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union composed of 28 Member States born February 7, 1992 by the Treaty of Maastricht. With a total population of over 500 million inhabitants, the EU is the world's leading economic power and generates 25% of global GDP. It is also a...
The Wilsonian tradition and its limits (1914-1945)
Course material - 6 pages - Modern history
President Wilson (1913-1920) renounced isolationism, which was the American tradition since Monroe: in agreement with his progressive agenda, he believed the US had to act abroad. He promoted a new internationalist doctrine. But he failed to convince either the foreign partners of the US, or, at...
Does the Constitutional Treaty provide an answer to the difficulties of EU governance ?
Essay - 12 pages - European union
Before studying the outcome of the EU government, we must analyze the concrete difficulties faced by it. A few of the main aspects of the difficulties in EU governance may be realized from the Commission's White Paper (2001) and the 2004 report. According to the Commission, the main problems...
American Cultural Aspects for Business
Course material - 11 pages - Modern history
America has been created from the East to the West. The West is a concept in history, for an American it is often associated with the idea of frontier. In the 19th century St-Louis (Missouri) was considered as the gate way to the West, when people went to the West they went directly to Oregon or...
Between 1856 and 1914, how did the authority of the central power try to build and impose itself on the multiethnic Russian imperial domain despite the rise of national affirmations?
Essay - 9 pages - Political science
On the eve of World War I in 1914, Russia is one of the most backward powers and the entire political system collapses in 1917 with the Russian Revolution. However, these two elements are opposed to the will of the tsar Alexander II in 1856, who, after the defeat of the Crimean War, decided to...
World War I
Essay - 2 pages - Modern history
In June of 1914, one man by the name of Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, was assassinated. The death of this man would ultimately lead to the bloodiest conflict in all of human history up to that point. This assassination was the final trigger in the tension that was brewing between...
France in NATO, in practice, not in principle?
Essay - 9 pages - Political science
In August 2011, President Nicolas Sarkozy of France praised NATO's military intervention in Libya operation, calling the Alliance "an indispensable tool" . He added that the success of the operation justified his decision to integrate France into NATO's military command in 2009, ending...
To what extent is there a need for the European Union in 2010?
Internship report - 5 pages - European union
With the implementation of the Lisbon Treaty in December 2009, the ‘European Union begins 2010 with a new look', according to VOA News. The European Union has strengthened its institutions, with a new ‘president of the European Union'; Herman Von Rompuy and a new High...
What are the potential consequences and influence of the brexit on the UK and the EU?
Essay - 5 pages - European union
The term Brexit is an abbreviation of British Exit, which means the leaving of the United Kingdom from the European Union. January 1, 1973, is a key date for the United Kingdom: it saw its entry into the European Union (EU). But on June 23, 2016, a general referendum was held on whether Britain...
US Foreign Policy since 2001: President Bush's first term
Course material - 11 pages - Political science
The period since 2001 has been a highly active one for the US: they waged a war in Afghanistan, another in Iraq and they may be preparing another one against Iran. The official rational in Washington, at least initially, for that activity, under the motto of "the war against terror", was the...
What future for the French economy after the Covid-19 crisis? - The "France 2030" investment plan proposed by President Macron
Essay - 6 pages - Economic politics
In 2020, the health crisis caused a recession of -7.9% for France. France had a fairly stable economy before the crisis and the various confinements led to a negative evolution of the economy as well as a recession in GDP. The French economy is growing little but resisting the crisis. For...
